Chapter 27
What is the primary immune response?
The first exposure to an antigen which leads to antigen recognition then B and T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation
What is an inappropriate immune reaction that results in host damage (ex. allergies)?
Hypersensitivity
True or False: Most antiviral drugs are ineffective against the common cold.
True
What diseases originate in animals and can be transmitted to humans?
Zoonosis
What diseases are transmitted through contaminated drinking or recreational water supplies?
Waterborne diseases
Which triggers a stronger immune response that leads to an increase in adaptive immune cells and antibodies: primary or secondary immune response? Why?
Secondary immune response, memory B and T cells from first exposure (primary response) are able to recognize the pathogens upon reexposure and act quickly
What disease refers to T and B cells being activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins?
Autoimmune disease
What does HIV infection eventually lead to? Why?
AIDS, decline in CD4 cells and cytokine production
What is a symptom of the rabies virus that causes fear of the sight of water?
Hydrophobia
Where does V. cholera attach to epithelial cells to grow and release cholera toxin?
Small intestine
What type of cells in the adaptive immune system kill infected cells?
T cells, aka “killer T cells”
What proteins overstimulate T cells and can lead to dangerous systemic inflammation?
Superantigens
What is a minor change in the influenza virus antigens due to gene mutation?
Antigenic drift
What is the main method of transmission for yellow fever, dengue fever, and zika? Are antivirals effective?
Mosquito bites, no
What organism is used as an indicator to detect possible fecal contamination in water sources?
Escherichia coli (fecal coliform)
What type of cells in the adaptive immune system make antibodies?
B cells
What property of antibiotics target pathogens while leaving host cells and tissues relatively unharmed?
Selective toxicity
What does primary infection of tuberculosis cause in a patient?
Hypersensitization, reexposure is measured by a diagnostic skin test
What does it mean when a disease is referred to as enzootic?
It is present endemically in certain populations
How can food infection take place after the ingestion of food? How does it differ from food poisoning?
Ingested food was pathogen contaminated and the pathogen grew in the host thus causing the infection, food poisoning does NOT require microorganisms to grow in host since the toxin is made before ingestion
What molecules are the major barriers in organ transplantation? Why?
MHC Class 1 molecules, they are present in all nucleated cells and present an internal antigen to CD8+ T cells (MHC Class 1 from donor does NOT match recipient = transplant is targeted)
What are two examples of antimicrobial drugs that target nonbacterial pathogens?
Antiviral drugs (neuraminidase inhibitors and interferons) and antifungals (ergosterol inhibitors and echinocandins)
What is a major change in the influenza virus antigen due to gene reassortment?
Antigenic shift
Lyme diseases, the plague, and the west nile virus are transmitted by ________.
Arthropods
What is a fatal food poisoning originating from home canned foods?
Botulism