Whole-body endocrine pathways
Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys by inducing transcription and translation of ______.
What are membrane channel proteins (specifically sodium chloride and Na-K ATPase channels)
Epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to the ____ class of hormones.
What are amines
Oogonia in women undergo mitotic divisions at this stage of life.
What is pre-gestation
These cells produce androgens in women
What are theca cells
The ____ provides the majority of nutrients to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.
What is the placenta
____ is a peptide hormone that decreases plasma Ca+2 by inhibiting osteoclasts.
What is calcitonin
Upon binding to its target, a _____ hormone stimulates the expression of transcription factors.
What is a steroid hormone
Mitosis in males produces differentiated cells called ______, which later undergo Meiosis I.
What are primary spermatocytes
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is inhibited by ____ expressed in the gonads.
What is inhibin
The hormone detected in pregnancy tests
What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
High levels of cortisol in the plasma exert negative feedback by reducing levels of ______ in the hypothalamus and ______ in the anterior pituitary.
What are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
___ are common causes of hypersecretion.
What is an endocrine tumor
Meiosis I occurs in women just before _____.
What is ovulation
Levels of this hormone spike in order to stimulate ovulation
What is luteinizing hormone (LH)
An ____ pregnancy is the leading cause of maternal mortality and occurs when the egg implants outside the uterus.
What is an ectopic pregnancy
_____ is produced in the kidneys and increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate ions.
What is Vitamin D
Testosterone is converted to estradiol via the enzyme ____.
This needs to happen before Meiosis II in women can occur.
What is fertilization
The zona pellucida contains ____ which function as receptors for sperm.
What are glycoproteins
Several days after entering the uterine cavity, the blastocyst forms an outer layer called the _____, which aids in attachment to the endometrial wall.
_____, ______, and _____ are the three inputs that can control hormone secretion levels.
What are ions/nutrients, neurotransmitters, and hormones
Hormone concentration in the plasma depends on two factors. What are those two factors?
What are the rate of secretion by the endocrine gland (1) and the rate of removal from the blood (2)
Each primary oocyte makes 1 ovum, whereas each primary spermatocytes produces ___ viable spermatozoa.
What is 4
Female external genitalia develop in the absence of the ____ gene.
What is the SRY gene
Standard pregnancy tests typically yield positive results around ____ days after fertilization occurs.
What are 10-14 days