Neonatal
ID
Oncology
Heme
Misc
100
Persistent oxygen dependency up to 28 days of life?
What is Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). The severity is determined by need for oxygen and gestational age - classified according to the type of respiratory support required to maintain O2 saturations of 89%. The most important 'risk factor' is lung maturity. Associated with an abnormal repair process (from lung injury) and leads to structural changes - arrested alveolariztion
100
Roseola is a member of this viral family?
What is the herpes family - Roseola - HHV6 and HHV7
100
Directly promotes cancerous cell growth?
What is - oncogene
100
Clinical manifestation of SCD - microcirculation is obstructed by the sickled RBCs (they change shape and can not get thru easily so they get stuck) - this causes ischemic injury and pain. This can result in pain crisis
What is Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC)
100
Clinical manifestation of SCD - microcirculation is obstructed by the sickled RBCs (they change shape and can not get thru easily so they get stuck) - this causes ischemic injury and pain. This can result in pain crisis
What is Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC)
200
Ischemic and inflammatory necrosis of the bowel after the introduction of enteral feeds?
What is Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) Classic presentation is feeding intolerance, bloody stool and abdominal distention. Activation of inflammatory cascade - mucosal damage results in an invasion of weakened bowel walls by gas producing/forming bacteria --> pneumatosis intestinalis (is what this produces and what you will see on xray)
200
Lays dormant in the ganglia
What is varicella - (VZV) - you get primary infection, latency ad reactivation (15% chance)
200
Genes that encode components of the cells normal growth-control pathway- however they encode for an altered version of growth controlled proteins-->thereby disrupting a cell's growth signaling pathway - they cause a cell's growth-signaling pathway to become hyperactive. (the faster the cells grow and divide)
Oncogene- Think of the presence of an oncogene like having the gas pedal of the car stuck to the floorboard- causing the cell to continually grow and divide - Oncogenes are mutant forms of Proto-oncogenes
200
Viral infection that is most likely to cause aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
What is Parvovirus B19
200
Hypoxic-Ischcemic brain injury can lead to
What is Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL)
300
Follows a period of hyperoxia followed by hypoxia leading to the release of angiogenic factors --> and vasoproliferation of abberant growth. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) VEGF is released in response to the hypoxic retina. Extreme prematurity is known to be the significant factor.
300
Reactivation of this latent virus can cause recurrent mucocutaneous lesions
What is HSV
300
Normal cells whose absence can lead to cancer?
What is Tumor Suppressor genes
300
A 6 year old previously well child presents with new onset bloody noses (Mom finds blood on the pillow case in the morning), petechiae on his legs and bleeding when he brushes his teeth that started over the past month. You order a CBC and find his platelets ate 10,000. The most likely diagnosis is?
What is ITP - acute, self limited process - majority resolve spontaneously within weeks. No treatments are on the exam but as an FYI- IVIG and WinRho are options
300
Can mimic a paronychia - results from direct contact with oral secretions/lesions of symptomatic or asymptomatic shedders. If drained - will produce thin, pale, yellow fluid.
What is herpetic whitlow
400
Stage 1 / Zone 3 Stage 3 / Zone 1 - Which has the worst prognosis - based on what you know about the patho and progression of the dx
What is Stage 3 (line develops into a ridge protruding into the vitreous - so a progression of the vessels) / Zone 1= area close to the posterior pole
400
A dendritic ulcer in the cornea
What is herpetic keratoconjunctivitis - caused by HSV and is an ocular emergency. You can have permanent vision loss and this can be identified on a slit lamp exam.
400
Most common malignancy in children
What is leukemia
400
A patient with blood loss will present with ? MCV and ? reticulocyte count
What is normal MCV (normocytic anemia) and an elevated retic count
400
RNA virus in the paramyxovirus family - highly contagious with an incubation period of 8-12 days. Infection is transmitted via respiratory droplets, which can remain active and contagious, either airborne or on surfaces, for up to 2 hours. Initial infection and viral replication occur locally in tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells. Initial presentation in the PC office is often with a rash - this is a vaccine preventable illness
What is Measles After 2-4 days, measles virus infects local lymphatic tissues, perhaps carried by pulmonary macrophages. Following the amplification of measles virus in regional lymph nodes, a predominantly cell-associated viremia disseminates the virus to various organs prior to the appearance of rash. You can look for koplik's spots (salt and pepper inside of lower lip) If these are present - Measles is a yes
500
The most common site of IVH in the newborn?
What is the germinal matrix (GM) The GM is a weakly supported and highly vascularized area - does not tolerate the sudden changes in CBF - vessels rupture. GM bleed is a grade 1. Term infants do not have a GM - so no risk
500
Rash with ampicillin; spleenic rupture ad aplastic anemia
What are complications of EBV infection - One of the most common viruses - spread primarily through saliva. (oropharyngeal secretions). EBV infects the B cells in the oropharyngeal epithelium. Circulating B cells spread the infection throughout the entire reticular endothelial system (the liver, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes)
500
Tumors that are capable of spreading by invasion or metastasis
What are Malignant tumors - This is the product of an increase in the number of dividing cells that continue to grow without a "brake" and create a growing mass (tumor). Tumors ultimately increase in size because new cells are being produced in greater numbers than needed. As more and more dividing cells accumulate, the normal organization of the tissue gradually becomes disrupted
500
Reduction or absence of production of one or more globin chains
What is Thalassemia
500
The biggest risk factor for Retinopathy of Prematurity
What is prematurity - This can only occur in preterm infants - the vessels are complete in term newborns - remember the patho
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