Anatomy
Physiology
Gait
Random/Osteoporosis
Bone Growth
100
Name the bones of the lower extremity (excluding foot).
Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
100
What is the name of the layer of fibrous tissue surronding the outside of the bone?
Periosteum
100
Ataxic gait may be caused by which of the following? a. B12 deficiency b. Cerebellar Defect c. Radiation poisoning d. Exogenous substances e.g. alcohol e. All of the above
E. All of the above
100
a t-score on a bone mineral density test below what number indicates osteoporosis?
-2.5
100
In adulthood what is the only way bone can grow and in which dimension?
Appositional growth; in width.
200
What two muscles are most commonly involved in shin splints/ stress fractures?
Soleus and Flexor Digitorum Longus
200
What are the names of the canals that connect different Haversian systems?
Volkman's Canals.
200
An upper motor lesion (UMN) is the cause for...? a. Apraxic gait b. Waddling gait c. Crossing over/scissoring gait d. Hemiplegic gait e. Parkinsonian gait
D. hemiplegic gait
200
What are three reasons for shorter stature in the elderly?
vertebral compression, vertebral curvature, flatten foot arches.
200
What kind of cell morphology do mesoderm (and endoderm) cells take before they differentiate into osteoblasts?
Mesenchyme
300
What are two of the important pulses on the lower extremity?
Dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial artery, popliteal, femoral
300
Which bone cell is multinucleated and where is it found?
Osteoclast, on the outside edge of the bone, often in the 'hole' it is digging
300
During gait assessment for your patient, if his/her gait appears normal you may ask the patient to ______ walk and check if steady
'Heel-Toe'
300
How will osteporotic bone appear on an x-ray as opposed to healthy bone?
it will be darker (due to it being thinner/less dense), especially on the outer edge.
300
What is not true concerning and endochondral ossification? A) There is an initial cartilage model of the bones Initiation of calcification is brought by the invasion of block vessels C) The superficial bones of the face & skull and the deep bones are formed by this process D) The primary ossification center occurs in the diaphysis. The secondary in the epiphysis E) The chondroblasts starve to death trapped in the Matrix
C. The superficial bones of the skull and face and the deep bones are formed by this process
400
What is the short term effect of parathyroid hormone?
efflux of calcium from labile pool in bone fluid
400
Changes in ________ and loss of arm _____ ; as a person gets older increases their chance of falls and greater damage
Gait ; swing
400
Name 1 hormone that is involved in calcium homeostasis?
calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, etc
500
What type of thyroid gland tissue secretes calcitonin?
parafolicular C cells
500
List 5 factors to osteoporosis
early menopause, family history or personal history, Caucasian or Asian race, Long femoral-hip axis length, Elderly, Females, Modifiable, Poor health/family, Smoking and alcohol, Poor diet (especially lowered vit D and calcium intake), Medications (glucocorticoids), Diseases (endocrine, rheumatoid arthritis)
500
What is the main cause for post menopausal osteoporosis formation in women? ______________ levels appear to result in increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines by blood monocytes and bone marrow cells. These cytokines stimulate osteoclast recruitment and activity by _____________ while diminishing the expression of OPG. Compensatory ________________________, leading to what is classified as a high-turnover form of osteoporosis.
a. Decreased oestrogen b. increasing the levels of RANKL c. osteoblastic activity occurs, but it does not keep pace
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