Honey! Theres blood in my pee!
These two clinical markers are essential in staging and tracking the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
What are eGFR and Albumin?
Albumin:Creatinine ratio also important
This nerve gives us voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter to prevent micturition
What is the pudendal nerve?
This complication of portal hypertension from liver disease can lead to quite the painful trip to the toilet
What are haemorrhoids
This type of motility in the small intestine helps mix and propel chyme forward
What is segmentation?
This percentage is the amount of glucose reabsorbed in the proximal tubules in non-diabetics
What is 100%
This disease of the kidney is what an elderly female with two-week history of increased urinary frequency and dysuria, fever, flank pain and white cell casts may have
What is acute pyelonephritis?
This channel is the target for Thiazide Diuretics in this part of the nephron (need 2 answers)
What is the Sodium/Chloride Symporter (NCC) in the distal tubule?
This oesophageal motility disorder where the smooth muscle contracts sharply and with high power, may be helpful when eating nuts
What is nutcracker oesophagus?
Hearing about the parasite that can be coughed then swallowed stimulated my gag reflex, which was sensed by this nerve
What is the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve?
This artery is what stops a fused Horseshoe Kidney shifting further upwards during development
What is the inferior mesenteric artery?
This medication usually used for gram-negative bacteria, may lead to epithelial or granular casts in urine
What are aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin)?
(can cause Acute Tubular Necrosis)
Metabolism of this amino acid plays an important role in generating ammonia and bicarbonate to buffer excess acid in renal tubules
What is glutamine?
On histology of an intestinal sample, this disease may appear with a transmural infarction of mucosa, and non-caseating granulomata. This patient may be skipping leisurely to the toilet too.
What is Crohn's Disease?
This inactive enzyme secreted by the pancreas is only activated once it is secreted into the duodenum
What is trypsinogen?
Activated into trypsin by enterokinase in the duodenum
Bile salts help to form these, which allow for lipids to be absorbed in the epithelial brush border
What are micelles?
This disease causes sclerotic damage to parts of the glomerulus, and is often a result of HIV, Sickle Cell Anaemia or IV Drug Use
What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
DAILY DOUBLE
The left renal vein collects tributaries from these three vessels, before uniting with the IVC
What are the
1. Left Gonadal Vein
2. Left Suprarenal Vein
3. Inferior Phrenic Vein
These two investigations and findings will confirm our suspicions of Celiac Disease
What is
1. Endoscopy and Sample (blunted villi + crypt hyperplasia)
2. Serology for Anti Gliadin/TTG/Endomysium/Deaminated Gliadin
This species of bacteria, in higher numbers in the gastrointestinal tract, may be a predictor of obesity
What are Firmicutes?
The ratio between Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes is often higher in people with obesity
This nerve supplies secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland?
What is the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve?
Facial nerve penetrates the parotid but does not provide innervation
Lovers of shellfish and anchovies may need to worry about this red-brown stone that will not be spotted on an X-Ray
What are Uric Acid stones?
What is the peripheral zone?
This disease, if undetected or untreated, may lead to hepatic cancer after cirrhosis in 5% of people who get it
What is Hepatitis C?
This neurotransmitter of the Myenteric Plexus, when released, leads to inhibition of motility
What is Nitric Oxide?
What are Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses?