Council of Florence
This council originally began in Basel before being moved to Ferrara and then to Florence.
What is the Council of Florence?
The Church’s Trinitarian origin begins with this Person who sends the Son for redemption.
Who is the Father?
Lumen Gentium begins with this famous line: “Christ is the ___ of the nations.”
What is "Light"?
The First Lateran Council helped end this long conflict over bishops receiving symbols of office from secular rulers.
What is lay investiture?
This pope convened the Fourth Lateran Council, one of the most important medieval councils.
Who is Pope Innocent III?
One major goal of the Council of Florence was to heal this 1054 division between East and West.
What is the Great Schism?
This divine Person empowers the Church and unites believers into one Body.
Who is the Holy Spirit?
Vatican II sought to renew the Church in response to modern challenges such as this growing cultural trend.
What is secularization?
The Second Lateran Council condemned this practice of buying or selling spiritual goods.
What is simony?
Canon 1 of the council officially defined this doctrine of the Eucharist.
What is transubstantiation?
This emperor personally traveled to the council to negotiate reunion with the Western Church.
Who is Emperor John VIII Palaiologos?
This term describes the unbroken line of authority from the Apostles to today’s bishops.
What is apostolic succession?
Lumen Gentium emphasizes that all baptized members share in the Church’s mission, calling the Church this kind of community.
What is the People of God?
The Third Lateran Council required this fraction of the cardinals’ votes for a pope to be elected.
What is a two-thirds majority?
Catholics are required to receive the Eucharist during the Easter season under this canon.
What is the Easter Duty (Canon 21)?
This Orthodox theologian refused to sign the Decree of Union, becoming a hero in the East.
Who is St. Mark of Ephesus?
The sacraments are visible signs of this invisible gift from God.
What is grace?
Lumen Gentium teaches that the Church is a visible sign of invisible grace — meaning the Church is this.
What is a sacrament?
This heretical group condemned at Lateran III believed the body was evil and rejected the sacraments.
Who were the Cathars?
This heretical group denied the goodness of creation and was strongly condemned at the council.
Who were the Albigensians (Cathars)?
The council formally reaffirmed this complete list of biblical books as inspired and authoritative.
What is the Catholic biblical canon (OT + NT)?
Evangelization reflects the love of the Father, the message of the Son, and the guidance of the Spirit—showing the Church’s mission as this.
What is Trinitarian?
This Vatican II decree encouraged local dioceses to form pastoral councils of clergy, religious, and laity.
What is Christus Dominus?
This pope convened the Third Lateran Council in 1179 to end the schism caused by antipopes.
Who is Pope Alexander III?
The council also initiated preparations for this major military-religious campaign.
What is the Fifth Crusade?