DNA & Chromosomes
This molecule stores genetic information in eukaryotic chromosomes.
What is DNA?
This process duplicates DNA before cell division.
What is replication?
The first step of gene expression: RNA is made from a DNA template.
Transcription
These sequence-specific enzymes cut DNA.
What is Restriction enzymes ?
Standard PCR can detect the presence of this.
What is a targeted DNA sequence?
These cells have paired chromosomes.
What is Diploid cells?
This cell-division process is primarily for growth and replacement.
What is mitosis?
The process that reads mRNA to synthesize a protein.
What is translation?
This gel-and-electric-current method separates DNA fragments.
What is Electrophoresis ?
qPCR uses this light-producing label to help measure relative transcript abundance.
What is Fluorophore ?
This term means the genetic make-up of an organism.
What is Genotype?
This process produces haploid ova and spermatids.
What is meiosis?
This cellular structure is the protein-manufacturing machinery to which mRNA attaches.
What is Ribosome ?This cellular structure is the protein-manufacturing machinery to which mRNA attaches.
This electric-field technique helps DNA enter bacterial cells.
What is Electroporation ?
These constantly expressed genes provide a reference in qPCR.
What is Housekeeping genes ?
This permanent change in a gene’s DNA sequence can be spontaneous or induced.
What is a mutation?
This meiotic event switches alleles and contributes to genetic differences.
What is Recombination ?
This RNA carries an amino acid and binds mRNA through its anticodon.
What is tRNA ?
Give the four components in the PCR tube.
What is template, polymerase, primers, nucleotides?
Name two environmental samples the chapter says can be tested using qPCR.
What are Air-filter swabs and cage-rack-plenum swabs?
Name the chromosome counts for mouse diploid and haploid cells.
40 diploid; 20 haploid
Explain why a zygote is diploid even though the gametes that form it are haploid.
What is the haploid egg and sperm each contribute one chromosome set, producing paired chromosomes in the zygote?
Name three types of post-translational modification listed in the chapter.
What is removal of amino acids from an end; addition of lipids or sugars; structural/shape change?
Why is cloning useful after DNA extraction and purification?
What is It increases a very small recovered DNA fragment to provide enough material for further study?
Outline the antibody-based detection sequence of a Western blot after gel separation.
What is transfer to membrane → target-specific antibody → wash → secondary antibody linked to peroxidase → chemiluminescent substrate → visualize light-producing bands?