Nouns
First Declension Noun Endings
Singular: a, ae, ae, am, ā
Plural: ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs
Position rule for adjectives.
Adjectives of quantity usually precede their nouns; adjectives of quality usually follow.
Terram
earth/land, 1st declension, feminine, singular, accusative
Personal endings of verbs
ō/m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
Noun cases
nominative/subject, genitive/possessive, dative/indirect object, accusative/direct object, ablative/object of the preposition
2nd Declension Masculine Noun Endings
Singular: us, ī, ō, um, ō
Plural: ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs
Two groups of adjectives
1st/2nd Declension adjectives and 3rd declension adjectives
bella
war, 2nd declension, neuter, plural nominative/accusative
The four principal parts of the 1st conjugation
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudatus
Position of an adverb
An adverb usually stands immediately before the word it modifies.
Natural gender rule
nouns that name masculine or feminine persons are their natural gender (māter, mātris, mother)
Adjective noun agreement
An adjective agrees with its noun in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE, but not necessarily declension.
laudātis
you praise- 2nd person plural present tense
The four principal parts of the 2nd conjugation
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
Prepositions take either of what two cases?
ablative or accusative
Gender rule for nouns not naming a masculine or feminine person in the 3rd declension
Unless otherwise noted, nouns that end in ERROR are masculine (-er, -or); nouns ending in SOX are feminine (-s, -o, -x), nouns ending in LANCET are neuter (-l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t)
1st/2nd declension adjective endings
Feminine: a, ae, ae, am, ā; ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs
Masculine: us, ī, ō, um, ō; ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs
Optional Neuter: um, ī, ō, um, ō; a, ōrum, īs, a, īs
parābās
you were preparing- 2nd person singular imperfect
The four principal parts of the 4th conjugation.
The endings of the four principal parts of verbs are audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus (iō, īre, īvī, ītus)
The tenses that use the PRESENT stem.
The present, imperfect, and future tenses use this stem.
5th declension noun endings.
Singular: ēs, eī, eī, em, ē
Plural: ēs, ērum, ēbus, ēs, ēbus
3rd Declension adjective endings (feminine, masculine, and neuter)
Feminine/Masculine: is, is, ī, em, ī; ēs, ium, ibus, ēs, ibus
Neuter: e, is, ī, e, ī; ia, ium, ibus, ia, ibus
venīmus
we come- 1st person plural present tense
The conjugation of SUM in the imperfect tense.
eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant
The tenses that use the PERFECT stem.
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses use this stem.