Definitions
Process of discouraging people from engaging in deviant behavior through threat of punishment
Deterrence
According to Beccaria's theory of deterrence, certainty, severity and ___________ of punishment determine effectiveness of deterrence
Swiftness/Celerity
Dölling finds what aspect of deterrence to be most effective
Certainty
Name two studies that revealed potentially contradictory findings on deterrence
Dölling et al: found certainty to be biggest deterrent
Pogarsky: found severity to be biggest deterrent (for deterrables)
(other answers may be possible if proven)
A city is experiencing elevated levels of stabbing incidents around metro stations. As a response, they station more police officers around metro stations.
This is a typical response following which theory?
Classical deterrence --> increasing certainty
This specifically would be called: Hot spot policing
Unwritten social rule prescribing what people ought to do in a given situation
Injunctive social norm
According to Van Rooij, the Law's Behavioral Mechanisms include 1. Motivational and 2. Situational. Within situational mechanisms, there are a) opportunity and b)__________
Capacity
Apel finds which type of offenders to have relatively stable risk perceptions over time
Experienced/repeat offenders
What is the major concern with both interviews and self-report survey methodologies
Social desirability bias
A housing complex has noticed that during the working hours of the day, most of its issues with property crimes (burglarly, theft etc) occur. In response, they invest in security guards and better locks.
This is a typical response according to which theory?
Routine activities theory --> increasing capable guardianship
Alternatively: practical example of situational crime prevention
Producing, causing or increasing the likelihood of criminal behavior or recidivism
Criminogenic effect
The three types of threat communication (Apel, 2013) are: 1. Sanction publicity, 2. Police visibility and 3.__________
Sanction enforcement
Pogarsky observes this distribution of incorrigibles, deterrables and acute conformists in his study on drunk driving (in percentage)
--> must be within 5% range correct
21% acute conformists
62% deterrables
8% incorrigibles
--> 9% unclassified
Name at least two of the core challenges associated with compliance measurement, according to Van Rooij and Rorie
Conceptual challenges, dark figure of noncompliance, causality, using other people's data
A mother is considering sending her delinquent son to a boot camp over the summer to improve his self-control and overall behavior. She has two choices:
1. Boot camp with rigorous schedule including tough workouts, potential disciplinary action, individual supervision
2. Boot camp with equally rigorous schedule that alternates between physical exercise and group therapy settings
Which one should the mother choose to best achieve the wanted result, and according to which authors?
Camp 2
MacKenzie and Farrington
Misjudging the risk of being caught for a crime by assuming that past punishment avoidance/experience makes getting caught more/less likely, e.g. by mentally "resetting" the risk after being caught
Gambler's fallacy
According to Van Rooij, 3 overarching categories are influential on the obligation to obey the law. Within the category of "Nonlegal Social Context", he lists 1. Teacher Legitimacy, 2. Parent Legitimacy and 3._____________
Social Bonds
According to Van Rooij (on OOL), which of the three police measures had a DIRECT effect on the obligation to obey the law?
1. Police Distributive Justice, 2. Police Procedural Justice, 3. Police Bias
Police Bias
What is the major limitation Helmond et al. find about their study on association between cognitive distortions and externalizing problem behavior
Strictly correlational in design --> not able to tell anything about causality, so we don't know whether the neutralizations/cognitive distortions occur before or after deviant behavior
Albert Heijn is looking to decrease the theft at self-checkouts. Upon clicking "pay", the customer will from now on be confronted with a message that reads:
"Theft from supermarkets causes xyz amount of monetary damage per year, leading to a necessary increase in pricing as a result"
What strategy is Albert Heijn employing here to prevent theft?
Neutralizations, specifically counter-neutralization to the denial of injury
Spreading of crime reduction through situational crime prevention beyond the initially intended target, area, or type of crime
MacKenzie and Farrington examine 6 categories of interventions: 1. Surveillance and control, 2. deterrent and punitive, 3. disciplinary, 4. rehabilitative and skill building; 5. __________ and 6. programs for juvenile delinquents
Anderson finds that a minimum dropout age of 18 decreases arrest rates among 16- to 18-year-olds by approximately how much?
17%
What is a major concern with the practice of hot spot policing?
Disproportionally affects minorities and may erode trust and legitimacy
A university is contemplating to impose monetary fines on students who do not contribute to group projects.
What strategy is the university employing here, and what risks does it carry?
The university is aiming to make use of (negative) incentives, the fines, as extrinsic motivator to better contribute to group projects.
There is a risk of crowding out intrinsic motivation though --> "A fine is a price"