The Kitty Genovese Case
Who was Kitty Genovese?
A young woman murdered in 1964 in New York while dozens of witnesses reportedly failed to intervene.
What is the main purpose of criminal law?
To protect society by defining offenses and prescribing punishments.
Name one situation where a person has a legal duty to act.
When there’s a relationship (like parent-child), a contract (like a teacher), or a statute requiring it.
Which amendment gives defendants the right to confront witnesses?
The Sixth Amendment.
Who decides the weight of the evidence presented in trial?
The jury.
What did the Kitty Genovese case inspire in psychology?
The study of the "bystander effect," which examines why people fail to act during emergencies.
What is “actus reus”?
The criminal act or failure to act (“guilty act”).
What kind of duty does a lifeguard have while on duty?
A legal duty to act due to their employment contract.
Which amendment protects against self-incrimination?
The Fifth Amendment.
Who determines a witness’s competence to testify?
The trial judge.
What was the public’s main reaction to Kitty Genovese’s death?
Outrage and disbelief that so many people did nothing to help.
What is “mens rea”?
The guilty mind or intent behind the act.
What is the difference between moral and legal responsibility?
Moral responsibility is based on ethics; legal responsibility is enforced by law.
Which amendment guarantees a fair and speedy trial?
The Sixth Amendment.
Are adult witnesses presumed competent or incompetent?
Presumed competent unless shown otherwise.
Why weren’t the bystanders charged with a crime?
Because there was no legal duty to act under U.S. law.
Can thoughts alone be criminal?
No, only actions or omissions can be punished.
What are the two basic elements of a crime?
Actus reus and mens rea.
What does “voir dire” mean?
The process of questioning jurors or witnesses to determine competence or bias.
What kind of witness can give opinions based on specialized knowledge?
An expert witness.
What concept does the Genovese case best illustrate?
The difference between moral duty and legal duty.
What is an omission?
A failure to act when there is a legal duty to do so.
What is “strict liability”?
Crimes that don’t require proof of intent, such as traffic violations.
What is a subpoena duces tecum?
A court order requiring someone to bring documents or records to court.
What kind of examination is it when a lawyer questions their own witness first?
Direct examination.