Ancient Foundations
This type of leadership in early human groups was based on collective coercion and survival needs, often centered on the strongest member.
What is Primal Leadership?
In this book, Plato argued that societies should be led by Philosopher-Kings, rulers educated with superior knowledge.
What is The Republic?
He liberated the Hebrews from Egypt and is considered the greatest prophet in the Jewish tradition.
Who is Moses?
This Roman leader was assassinated in 44 B.C. after being proclaimed dictator of the Republic.
Who is Julius Caesar?
In the 17th and 18th centuries, kings concentrated supreme authority in a system known by this term.
What is Absolutism?
According to Herodotus, Persians favored this system of government for stability and efficient decision-making in a vast empire.
What is Monarchy?
Known for calling man a political animal, he emphasized influence rather than domination as the essence of leadership.
Who is Aristotle?
For this "hetedorox Jewish Sect", the true example to follow as leader was this figure, through His teachings and deeds.
Who is Jesus Christ?
Known as the “Emperor of the French,” his leadership and military strategies were often compared to Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
Thinkers like Montesquieu, Locke, and Voltaire advocated for this principle: dividing powers so they would not rest in one person.
What is the separation of powers?
This Greek hero was known as the archetype of virtue and valor, contrasting with Odysseus’ cunning strategies.
Who is Achilles?
This Chinese thinker saw leadership as benevolent and in harmony with the “Mandate of Heaven.”
Who is Confucius?
Muslims regard him as the Seal of the Prophets, who united the tribes of Arabia into one kingdom.
Who is Muhammad?
His last words were allegedly “To the strongest,” when asked to whom he would leave his empire.
Who is Alexander the Great?
In the 1970s, this American scholar published Leadership, a foundational book that shaped modern transformational leadership studies.
Who is James MacGregor Burns?
Ancient Rome experienced three forms of government: Monarchy, Republic, and Empire. This one was ruled by both the Senate and the Army, making it an aristocratic oligarchy.
What is the Roman Republic?
This Renaissance thinker wrote The Prince, one of the first treatises on political philosophy and leadership.
Who is Niccolo Machiavelli?
Among pre-Columbian peoples, high priests and shamans were seen as leaders because of their connection with this realm.
What is the spiritual/supernatural world?
In Medieval Europe, supreme power was shared in the Byzantine East between the Emperor and this Christian religious leader.
Who is the Patriarch of Constantinople?
After the liberal revolutions, this political model spread, allowing leadership to be chosen by the people instead of by tradition or force.
What is democracy (or representative government)?
This Carthaginian general, famous for crossing the Alps with war elephants during the Second Punic War, was considered one of Rome’s greatest enemies and a brilliant strategist.
Who is Hannibal Barca?
This German philosopher of the Enlightenment argued that leaders should act according to a universal moral law he called the categorical imperative.
Who is Immanuel Kant?
This Persian religious reformer founded Zoroastrianism, emphasizing the cosmic struggle between good and evil.
Who is Zoroaster (or Zarathustra)?
This medieval conqueror from Central Asia created the largest contiguous empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Pacific.
Who is Genghis Khan?
This Austrian-American psychologist developed the concept of the “authoritarian personality,” linking leadership styles to social psychology.
Who is Theodor Adorno?