Nutrition
Motivation could be described as:
A) a function that managers perform in coordinating work to be done.
B) the process of creating a work environment in which people do their best work.
C) an inner force that activates or moves a person.
D) working together as a team to accomplish goals and objectives.
C) an inner force that activates or moves a person.
When the baker blames the oven for the poor bakery product when, in fact, recipe procedures were not followed, which defense mechanism is the baker using?
A) repression
B) rationalization
C) substitution
D) withdrawal
B) rationalization
According to Maslow's need theory, which of the following needs would not be addressed first?
A) physiological
B) self-actualization
C) safety
D) social
A) physiological
The highest level of needs on Maslow's hierarchy of needs is termed ________.
A) safety
B) physiological
C) social
D) self-actualization
D) self-actualization
McClelland proposed which of the following motivation theories?
A) reinforcement
B) achievement-power-affiliation
C) expectancy
D) two-factor (maintenance and motivational)
B) achievement-power-affiliation
In the two-factor theory, the hygiene (or maintenance) factors:
A) include the concepts of achievement and recognition.
B) will serve as motivators when present in the job.
C) are often related to dissatisfaction on the job.
D) are related to the content of the job.
C) are often related to dissatisfaction on the job.
Reinforcement theory emphasizes:
A) that needs are learned and socially acquired as individuals interact with their environment.
B) rewards or outcomes of performance to satisfy needs.
C) how the consequences of past actions influence future actions.
D) the importance of job responsibilities as motivators.
C) how the consequences of past actions influence future actions.
According to the expectancy theory, a high level of motivation requires:
A) high expectancy and low valence.
B) low expectancy and high valence.
C) low expectancy and low valence.
D) high expectancy and high valence.
D) high expectancy and high valence.
________ is the process of influencing the activities of employees toward goal achievement.
A) Job satisfaction
B) Expectancy
C) Motivation
D) Leadership
D) Leadership
Which of the following types of power come from the formal position held by an individual in an organization?
A) coercive
B) expert
C) legitimate
D) referent
C) legitimate
In comparing inputs to outputs, Employee A becomes frustrated because Employee B is paid similarly but completes fewer tasks during a shift than Employee A. Equity theory suggests Employee A will:
A) be satisfied.
B) maintain intrinsic motivation.
C) adjust personal inputs or outputs.
D) find value in personal contributions to the organization.
C) adjust personal inputs or outputs.
Which of the following would be characteristic of a Theory X manager's beliefs about the average employee?
A) uses only a portion of their intellectual potential
B) will exercise self-direction in the service of objectives to which they are committed
C) learns not only to accept but also to seek responsibility
D) has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible
D) has an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it if possible
The University of Michigan and the Ohio State Leadership studies both suggested that the most effective managers are those who:
A) allow employees to participate in decisions.
B) make decisions themselves.
C) focus on process.
D) give detailed directions.
A) allow employees to participate in decisions.
Situational leadership would suggest that:
A) leaders should use their referent power in work situations to be successful.
B) Theory Y beliefs on human behavior lead to success as a leader.
C) one leadership style is appropriate in nearly all situations.
D) behavior of effective leaders depends on the situation.
D) behavior of effective leaders depends on the situation.
Which two major components of the leadership continuum developed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt include?
A) degree of authority used by the manager and the amount of freedom available to the employee
B) the level of maturity of the employee and the degree of power used by the manager
C) the concern of the manager for production and the concern for people
D) the amount of initiating structure and the amount of consideration
A) degree of authority used by the manager and the amount of freedom available to the employee
Which of the following statements would be consistent with the beliefs of Argyris' Theory?
A) Management creates "Mickey Mouse" jobs and then is surprised with "Mickey Mouse" behavior.
B) People behave in a certain way because they have learned at some time which behaviors result in positive outcomes and which result in negative outcomes.
C) Power is the resource that enables a leader to induce compliance or influence others.
D) Because humans have an inherent dislike of work, they must be coerced and controlled.
A) Management creates "Mickey Mouse" jobs and then is surprised with "Mickey Mouse" behavior.
A transformational leader:
A) intellectually stimulates followers.
B) has a high need for affiliation.
C) guides employees by clarifying roles and tasks.
D) motivates employees through use of rewards.
A) intellectually stimulates followers.
________ is the extent to which a person is in tune with their own feelings and the feelings of others.
A) Interdependence
B) Metacognition
C) Emotional intelligence
D) Social intelligence
C) Emotional intelligence
The ERG theory grouped human needs into what three categories?
A) existence, relatedness, growth
B) esteem, respect, group cohesiveness
C) excellence, responsibility, generosity
D) expectancy, relationships, goals
A) existence, relatedness, growth
The motivation theory that is based on the belief that people act to increase pleasure and decrease displeasure is:
A) two-factor (maintenance and motivational).
B) reinforcement.
C) expectancy.
D) achievement-power-affiliation.
C) expectancy.
________ power comes from the formal position one holds in an organization.
Social Needs
________ power comes from the formal position one holds in an organization.
Legitimate
________ exert considerable influence on others based on their special skills or talents.
Informal leaders
________ is the act or process of supporting a cause.
Advocacy
________ takes into consideration the means a leader uses to achieve goals and the content of those goals.
Ethical leadership