The Prophetic Era
The city where Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) migrated to and established the first Islamic community.
What is Madinah?
The very first Caliph (leader) of the Muslim community after the Prophet's death.
Who is Abu Bakr As-Siddiq?
The capital city of the Umayyad empire.
What is Damascus?
The famous capital city built by the Abbasids that became a worldwide center of learning.
What is Baghdad?
The title used by the rulers of the Ottoman Empire (such as Suleiman).
What is Sultan?
The Quranic practice of consulting with others before making big decisions.
What is Shura?
The second Caliph, known for his justice and establishing the Islamic calendar.
Who is Umar ibn al-Khattab?
The official language made mandatory for all government records across the Umayyad empire.
What is Arabic?
The famous library and research center in Baghdad where scholars translated books from around the world.
What is the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah)?
The famous ancient city conquered by the Ottomans in 1453, which became Istanbul.
What is Constantinople?
The peaceful agreement signed near Makkah that stopped fighting between Muslims and the Quraysh for 10 years.
What is the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah?
The total number of Caliphs included in the "Rightfully Guided" (Rashidun) era.
What is 4?
The founder of the Umayyad dynasty.
Who is Mu'awiyah?
The period of incredible growth in science, math, medicine, and art under the Abbasids is called this.
What is the Islamic Golden Age?
The famous young ruler who conquered Constantinople at age 21.
Who is Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)?
The Christian king of Abyssinia who gave safety and protection to early Muslims fleeing persecution.
Who is Najashi?
The third Caliph who ordered the standardized compilation of the Quran into book form.
Who is Uthman ibn Affan?
The region in Southwestern Europe (modern-day Spain/Portugal) reached by Islam during this era.
What is Al-Andalus (Spain)?
The title for the high-ranking minister who served as the main assistant to the Caliph.
What is a Vizier (Wazir)?
The system that allowed non-Muslim communities (like Christians and Jews) to rule themselves under their own religious laws.
What is the Millet system?
The document created in Madinah to bring unity and equal rights to all local tribes.
What is the Constitution / Charter of Madinah?
The Caliph who relocated the capital to Kufa and faced internal strife during the First Fitna at the Battles of the Camel and Siffin.
Who is Ali ibn Abi Talib?
The Umayyad Caliph widely praised for his fairness, humility, and stopping unfair taxes.
Who is Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (Umar II)?
The invaders who destroyed Baghdad in 1258, ending the main Abbasid era.
Who are the Mongols?
The famous Ottoman ruler known in the West as "The Magnificent" and in the East as "The Lawgiver."
Who is Sultan Suleiman?