Reproductive CoRE
What effect does estrogen have on the uterus? (Name 3)
1. Stimulates proliferation of the endometrium.
2. Increases vascularization
3. Makes cervical mucus thin and watery.
What is the pathogenesis on a nephrotic disease and what are the common urinalysis findings?
Increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, specifically podocyte effacement and loss of glomerular basement negative charge. NOT secondary to inflammation.
Massive proteinuria, fatty casts, NO RBC casts
What cutaneous skin pathology is associated with "palisading nuclei"?
Basal Cell Carcinoma
What fungus is characterized by spaghetti and meatballs on KOH?
Bonus: what dermatologic condition is associated with this fungus?
Malassezia
Tinea Versicolor
Dobbs v Jackson (June 24, 2022) ruled that:
The U.S. Constitution does not confer a right to abortion
This returned the authority back to the states to regulate abortion
What are two positive feedback cycles involved in the initiation of birth?
1. Fetal cortisol-Placental CRH
2. Uterine stretch and maternal oxytocin release
What kidney stone is common in Crohn's Disease and how would you treat it?
Calcium Oxalate
Thiazide diuretic to lower calcium excretion (need calcium to bind oxalate)
Avoid vitamin C, high-oxalate foods
What medication can be used for inflammatory acne and what program must you register in before taking?
iPLEDGE
What condition is "a build up of fluid outside the lungs"? What are two ways to confirm this on an X-ray?
Pleural effusion
1. Blunting of the costophrenic angle
2. Meniscus sing (The fluid level appears as a concave upward line rising higher along the lateral chest wall due to surface tension effects. )
3. No air bronchogram
4. Silhouette sign
What is unique about Connecticut's insurance coverage of infertility and IVF?
Connecticut is one of the few states that mandates insurance coverage for IVF and other infertility treatments, including up to two IVF cycles and fertility preservation for medical reasons. This coverage applies to most fully insured plans but excludes self-insured employer plans under federal ERISA rules.
What teratogen is known to cause nasal bone hypoplasia?
Warfarin
What is the main pathophysiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma?
VHL gene mutation leads to increased VEGF and PDGF receptors resulting in tumor growth and angiogenesis
What medications are used on fast growing BRAF (-) Melanoma?
Anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) and anti PD-1 (pembrolizumab + nivolumab)
What is the HP hallmark of invasive lobular carcinoma? What causes this appearance?
“Single-file” (Indian file) infiltration of small, uniform tumor cells through the stroma.
From loss of E-Cadherin
What does RE-AIM stand for and when is the best time to use it?
Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance
Best to use AFTER implementation begins
Name 2 endocrine functions of Sertoli cells
1. Secretion of Inhibin B (inhibits FSH secretion)
2. Secretion of AMH (regression of the Müllerian ducts in the male embryo)
Name the nerve, spinal cord segments, and function of parasympathetic micturition control
Nerve: Pelvic Splanchnic
Spinal cord segments: S2-S4
Function: contract the detrusor muscle of the bladder and relax the internal urethral sphincter, promoting urination
The "Morbilliform Drug Rash" is commonly triggered by what medications and how would you describe the rash?
Amoxicillin, Bactrim (TMP-SMX), Ampicillin
Bilateral, symmetric maculopapular rash
What is "Rouleaux" and what disease is it associated with?
Stacking of RBC
Multiple Myeloma
What are the 4 elements of capacity assessment?
Communicate a choice
Understand relevant info
Appreciate medical consequences of the situation
Reason about treatment choices
What hormone causes insulin resistance in the 2nd and 3rd trimester and what cell secretes it?
hPL (human placental lactogen)
Syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta
What shape are the crystals in Uric Acid kidney stones
Rhomboid
What is the mechanism of MAOI and what foods should you avoid when taking MAOI?
Inhibits monoamine oxidase A and B to decrease the breakdown of 5-HT, NE, and dopamine
Tyramine rich foods (beer, cheese, wine)
A 5-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with fever, abdominal cramps, and bloody diarrhea. A stool sample is cultured on MacConkey and Hektoen enteric agar.
On MacConkey agar, the colonies are colorless (non-lactose fermenting).
On Hektoen enteric agar, the colonies are green without black centers.
The organism is non-motile, does not produce H₂S, and is oxidase negative.
1. What is the most likely organism?
2. What is the best antibiotic to give?
Shigella
Azithromycin (macrolides are preferred for children)
What are the 3 pillars of "Normative Ethics" from the HIV session?
1. Virtue ethics: What kind of person should I be?
2. Consequentialism: What choices yield the best benefit?
3. Deontology: What is my moral obligation, regardless of the outcome?