PEOPLE
This person coined the concept of operant conditioning and developed the Operant chamber where rats and pigeons were placed in and had to learn to activate a bunch of levers or respond to light or sound stimulus to get a reward which would reinforce the animal to continue the action being performed.
Skinner
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that causes a reflex or a behavior to naturally occur which can be followed by a response that is the reflex or the unlearned behavior.
unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
This study was conducted by a man who coined the term of behaviorism and believed that only observable, measurable behavior should be studied. He also conducted an experiment called “Little Albert” where he took a 9 month old boy who had no previous fear of rats and conditioned him to fear a white rat displaying that phobias and recovery from phobias can be learned.
John Watson and Classical Conditioning
The first kind of reinforcers are innate while another kind of reinforcer are reinforcers that are learned.
primary and secondary reinforcers
This person is a Russian psychologist who studied dogs' digestive systems using meat powder to cause salvation. In the process of his studies he discovered that he could condition the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. This process of conditioning is known as classical conditioning.
Pavlov
Once there is a neutral stimulus that through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus can elicit a response known as a conditioned stimulus. The behavior that results from the pairing of the unconditioned stimulus and the now conditioned stimulus is then called…
This person held an experiment with 3 groups of dogs in a shuttle box where he had the first group of dogs restrained while given shocks with a button that if pressed would release the dogs from their restraints . The second group are helpless since they can’t escape the shocks
No matter how many times they press the button and the third group is restrained with no shocks. It was shown that Groups 1 and 3 learned to escape their shocks while group 2 exhibited..
Martin Seligman and his study on learned helplessness
This is when you add a stimulus to either get someone to continue an action or stop doing a certain action. For example, getting a sticker when a student gets a good grade or being smacked on the head when someone says an inappropriate word.
positive reinforcement and punishment
These people wrote the book “Frustration and Aggression” in 1939 explaining how frustration leads to aggression, aggression is the result of frustration.
Miller and Dollard
This process of classical conditioning is done when learning a new response. After a number of pairing the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus, a conditioned stimulus is acquired. This is called Acquisition. A reaction to these processes can be done to similarities. In other words when similar stimuli to conditioned stimulus will produce the conditioned response. For example, When bitten by a dog you may now fear all dogs.
Generalization
In 1984-89 he gave animals saline water which would cause nausea. He would then offer the saline water to the animals again, 12 hours later and noticed that the animals would be more cautious when taking a drink.
James Garcia and his studies on taste aversion
similar to positive reinforcement and punishment but instead of adding a stimulus to get a certain action you take away the stimulus. For example, to stop hearing an annoying buzzer sound you can buckle up before turning on your car or taking away a child's phone when they’re misbehaving.
Negative reinforcement and punishment
This person came up with the law of Effect, he developed a puzzle box for cats to escape from to receive food. The successful cat's actions were most likely “stamped in “ while the cats who were unsuccessful were “stamped out”. This meant that the cats who were stamped in were more likely to repeat their behaviors that made them successful while the cats who were stamped out were more likely to change their behavior until they became successful in reaching the food.
Thorndike
When a conditioned response returns after apparent extinction this is called
Spontaneous Recovery
This is known for having people physically and verbally abusing a doll in front of preschool children. Later, the kids were seen mimicking these behaviors in a study known as…
The Bobo doll experiment by Albert Bandura.
These are reinforcement schedules that deal with the number of responses. One of the reinforcement schedules has a set number of responses while the other has an unpredictable number of responses.
fixed- ratio and variable- ratio schedules