Classical Conditioning
A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with the US; the bell in the example of Pavlov's dogs.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A type of conditioning that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What is reinforcement?
The number of responses a creature makes, in relation to schedules of reinforcement (fixed _____ or variable _____).
What is ratio?
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism; the food in the example of Pavlov's dogs.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A type of conditioning that doesn't work well due to rarely being administered in close proximity to a behavior; often administered by an angry human; spanking, for example.
What is positive punishment?
The amount of time elapsed, in relation to schedules of reinforcement (fixed _____ or variable _____).
What is interval?
The CR is observed even when the stimulus is slightly different from the CS; what Little Albert did when he applied his fear of rats to all things furry, for example.
What is generalization?
Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior; porpoises doing tricks at Seaworld, for example.
What is shaping?
Schedule of reinforcement that has a very fast rate of extinction; a child must do five chores before receiving an allowance, for example.
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US; what would happen if the bell was continuously rung without the presentation of food in the example of Pavlov's dogs.
What is extinction?
The principle that describes how more enjoyable behaviors can act as reinforcement for less enjoyable behaviors; scrolling tiktok when your homework is done, for example.
What is the Premack principle?
Schedule of reinforcement that has a very slow rate of extinction; slot machines, for example.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
A type of learning in which a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure; what would happen if the bell in the example of Pavlov's dogs was presented with a light and the dogs started salivating with the light.
What is second-order conditioning?
The principle that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated.
The Law of Effect.
The effect whereby operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.
What is the intermittent reinforcement effect?