Classical Conditioning
What is the term for a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?
A conditioned response
What is any consequence that strengthens a behavior called?
Reinforcement
What term describes learning that occurs without direct reinforcement?
Latent learning
What is the term for the inherited characteristics that influence behavior and learning?
Biological factors
Who is known as the father of behaviorism?
John Watson
Who conducted the famous experiment with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov
What type of reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Who proposed the concept of cognitive maps?
Edward Tolman
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in classical conditioning?
Cerebellum
Which psychologist is famous for his work on operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What occurs when a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus?
Generalization
What is the reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a specific number of responses?
A fixed ratio schedule
What type of learning involves acquiring new behaviors by observing others?
Observational learning
What is the role of neurotransmitters in learning?
Chemical messengers that influence brain activity and behavior
Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment related to observational learning?
Albert Bandura
What is the process of presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response?
Extinction
What is the term for weakening a behavior by adding an unpleasant consequence?
Punishment
What is the term for a mental representation of the layout of one's environment?
Cognitive map
What concept describes the tendency for learned behaviors to revert to instinctual behaviors?
Instinctual drift
Who introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
What phenomenon describes the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction has occurred?
Spontaneous recovery
What is the process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that come closer to the desired behavior called?
Shaping
What learning theory emphasizes the role of mental processes in acquiring new behaviors?
Cognitive theory
How do genetic factors influence learning abilities?
By affecting the development and functioning of the brain
Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner