Operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, adding or giving something as a reward or punishment.
What does positive mean in operant conditioning?
Higher thinking animals learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others.
What is observational learning?
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?
The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
What is generalization?
The meat powder in Pavlov's experiment
What was the unconditioned stimulus?
For example, making your roommate take out the trash because they were up until 3 AM yelling at their video games.
What is positive punishment (Adding a negative stimulus)?
Animals with higher cognitive abilities learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others
What is observational learning?
This results in less extinction, reinforcing a response only part of the time
What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?
The process of learning in classical conditioning
What is acquisition?
The dogs salivated when Pavlov rang the bell
What was the conditioned response?
For example, taking an Advil to get rid of a headache
What is negative reinforcement (Taking away a negative stimulus)?
An experiment in which children watched an adult either hit a doll or play nicely with it. The children who watched the adult hit the doll acted more violently with the doll.
What was the Bobo Doll experiment?
Reinforcing a behavior every nth time. (Ex: Buy 5 coffees, get one free)
What is fixed ratio reinforcement?
Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery?
The dogs salivating due to the smell of meat powder
What is an unconditioned response?
In operant conditioning, the idea that organisms develop an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, without reinforcement.
What are cognitive influences?
The pioneer researcher of observational learning, he created the Bobo Doll experiment
Who is Albert Bandura?
Reinforcing a behavior every so often, after a fixed time.
What is fixed interval reinforcement?
Diminishing of a conditioned response. Occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not have a conditioned response paired over time (Ringing the bell repeatedly but not feeding the dog)
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
For example, if Pavlov clapped instead of ringing the bell, and the dogs did not salivate.
What is discrimination?
In operant conditioning, the idea that organisms most easily learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors, unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back towards natural ones
What are biological influences?
Neurons that light up when watching someone do an action, as if you were performing that action yourself.
What are mirror neurons?
Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of behaviors (Slot machines)
What is variable ratio reinforcement?
Learning to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
What is a discrimination in classical conditioning?
The ringing of the bell before pairing it with the meat powder in Pavlov's experiment
What was the neutral stimulus?