units of thought
mental representation of an event or object
image
systematic and logical; attempt to reach a specific goal
Directed Thinking
Fixed set of procedures that will lead to a solution
Algorithms
transforming information so that the nervous system can process it
encoding
Event that elicits a response after training
Conditioned Stimulus
abstract unit that represents an object
symbol
free flow of thoughts; no particular plan
Nondirected Thinking
Shortcuts used to solve problems
Heuristics
hold visual info for ¼ of a second or more
iconic memory
Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in increases or decreases in occurrence
Operant Conditioning
label for a class of objects
concept
DAILY DOUBLE: thinking about thinking
Metacognition
when a strategy becomes a habit; you are “set” to treat problems a certain way
Mental Set
memory that is limited to about 7 items
short term memory
learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by one is eventually elicited by the other
Classical Conditioning
representative example of a concept
prototype
Bridge the gap mentally between a present situation and a desired goal
Problem Solving
the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects
Functional Fixedness
DAILY DOUBLE: memory of one’s life
Episodic Memory
Automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus
Unconditioned Response
relation between concepts
rule
System of communication that involves using rules to make and combine symbols in ways that produce meaning
Langauge
Smallest unit of meaning; made up of one or more phonemes
Morpheme
memory of learned skills; does not require conscious recollection
procedural
An unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
Variable Ratio