Theories and Models
The dual processing model.
Learning through rewards and punishments
Operant conditioning
In what part of the brain are short-term memories processed into long-term memories?
The hippocampus
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive process:
- Decision-making
- Memory
- Attention
- ADHD
ADHD
The tendency to focus on information that is consistent with our existing beliefs is...
Confirmation bias
Social learning theory
True.
The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus if it's repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
What two categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are most detrimental to memory?
What were the findings of the famous study, "The pen is mightier than the keyboard?" (You should be able to guess from the title).
Taking notes using pen and paper was better for memory than taking notes using a laptop.
When an irrelevant initial piece of information biases our later judgement on something it's called...
What model suggests our memories are created and controlled through three stores and numerous control processes?
The multi-store model of memory
In operant conditioning, what (a) increases the behaviour and (b) decreases the behaviour?
A: Reinforcement increases a behaviour
B: Punishment decreases a behaviour
According to at least one study, what cultural dimension has the highest rates of flashbulb memories?
What theory can explain why studying with your smartphone is a bad idea?
Cognitive load theory
What is the effort heuristic?
When we use perceived effort to help us evaluate the quality of something.
What model suggests our short-term memory has slave systems that are controlled by "a little man in the head?"
The working memory model
In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus produce?
An unconditioned response.
What hormone increases hippocampal activity during emotional events?
Cortisol
According to Cognitive Load Theory, what are the three types of cognitive load?
- Intrinsic
- Extraneous
- Germane
What two theories can explain confirmation bias?
Schema theory
The dual processing model
(You could also argue cognitive dissonance theory)
What theory suggests we have cognitive frameworks that help create mental representations that guide our thinking and behaviour?
Schema theory
In operant conditioning, what schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement
According to FBM theory, an event must have two characteristics to cause FBMs. What are they?
The event is (a) surprising and (b) emotional.
What is dendritogenesis?
The forming of new dendrites on a neuron.
This can improve cognition because more neuronal development and connections can improve memory and other cognitive processes.
What is the availability heuristic?
When we use information that comes to mind easily when making a decision.