Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social Theories
Cognitive Theories
Development Vocab
100
Who is the person who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
100
How does reinforcement affect behavior?
Both positive and negative reinforcement are going to increase the desired behavior. Positive reinforcement by adding a pleasant stimulus and negative reinforcement by taking away an unpleasant stimulus.
100
What is permissive parenting?
Parent is concerned with creating positive relationship with child, act more like a friend. Do not provide clear boundaries or expectations, do not enforce rules
100
What part of the brain is not developed until you are 25?
Frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
100
Describe object permanence.
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not right in front of you
200
Describe Ivan Pavlov's experiment:
Conducted an experiment testing a dog's ability to be classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell.
UCS: food, UCR: salivation, CS: bell, CR: salivation
200
How does punishment affect behavior?
Punishment, both positive and negative will decrease an undesired behavior. Positive punishment by adding an unpleasant stimuli. Negative punishment by taking away a pleasant stimuli.
200
What does Harlow's monkey experiment reveal about attachment?
Attachment is not just based on meeting biological needs, it is also based on positive contact and providing comfort.
200
At which of Piaget's stages, do children start to think logically about their beliefs and can understand things that they can observe or touch firsthand?
Concrete operational stage
200
What is a teratogen? Provide an example.
Any factor that can cause birth defects
300
With the Little Albert experiment, Albert became afraid of like stimuli (white/fluffy things). This is an example of...
Stimulus generalization
300
A teen is grounded and their phone privileges were taken away for a week after breaking their curfew. What is the undesired behavior and how is the parent using operant conditioning?
The parent is using negative punishment, taking away pleasant things away from their child (their freedom and phone). This is to decrease the behavior of breaking their curfew
300
List the four types of attachment discovered through Ainsworth's strange situation
Secure: child will be distressed when mom leaves but can be comforted by mom when she comes back
Avoidant: child is not responsive to mom leaving or returning, no sign of distress
Anxious: child is distressed when mom leaves, and will not let her comfort them when she comes back, might exhibit anger
Disorganized: no consistent response
300
Describe Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal development.
A child is going to learn and grow best when the task is challenging enough that they can succeed with support
300
What is egocentrism and what age is most susceptible to this according to Piaget?
Egocentrism is the inability to see other people's perspectives. Kids in the preoperational stage (2-7) are egocentric.
400
Describe the parts of the Little Albert Experiment conducted by John B Watson.
UCS: Loud banging of a hitting a metal bar with a hammer
UCR: fear response (crying)
CS: white rat
CR: fear response (crying)
400
An elementary teacher thanks each student in their class after they become quiet. The kids that are talking look to their quiet peers and teacher. Soon the whole class is quiet and listening to the teacher. Why is this effective, what types of learning are in action here?
First the teacher is using positive reinforcement, adding praise to increase the behavior. Second, there is also some observational learning happening. The talking students start to follow the modelled behavior of listening to their teacher after observing their peers.
400
Describe the early stages (1-5) of Erikson's Psychosocial Development.
400
Describe Piaget's Formal Operation Stage
People are able to think hypothetically and can understand abstract concepts. Can use critical thinking and problem solving skills.
400
The belief that most adolescents hold in which they believe they are unique and invincible is called the
Personal fable
500
Why does classical conditioning work? What aspects of the experiment are being paired to elicit an involuntary behavior?
Classical conditioning works because of associative learning. The unconditioned stimulus that elicits a natural unconditioned response, is paired with a neutral stimulus that will become a conditioned stimulus that will elicit the same response.
500
A child cleans their room to stop their parents from nagging them. What kind of operant conditioning is this and what behavior is being shaped?
This is negative reinforcement. The child is performing the desired behavior, cleaning their room, in order to take away the unpleasant nagging from their parents.
500
A teen who is concerned with what his parents, teachers, and peers think of them and carry out their moral judgement in those terms would be in what stage of Kohlberg's moral development?
Conventional Morality, Stage 3: concerned with being good, to gain approval from others
500
Describe a schema and explain the process of assimilation and accommodation.
A schema is a mental concept/framework that helps us interpret the world. When we are presented with information, we may try to assimilate that into our already existing schema and make it "fit." If we can't fit new information/experiences into our schema, we may have to accommodate and adjust our schema.
500
Describe learned helplessness
The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures.