Learning Terms
Define Learning
(what is) the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviours
Who studied Classical and Operant Conditioning
(who is) Ivan Pavlov & B.F. Skinner
Explain infantile amnesia
(what is) how we tend to not be able to remember much before age 4
What is continuity VS stages
(what is) one of the major issues of developmental psychology
continuity:
This perspective suggests that development is a gradual, ongoing process (escalator) Changes are quantitative, such as gradual increases in abilities (e.g., language development, cognitive growth).
stages:
This perspective suggests that development occurs in distinct, qualitative stages or steps (going up stairs). Each stage is different from the previous one,
What is latent learning with an example?
(what is) learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ex: your friend drives you to their house, later you need to drive there without them. You likely know the route without trying to recall it because you have learned it
Internal Locus of Control is
(what is) the perception that we control our own fate
What is Operant Conditioning
(what is) a type of learning in which behaviour is more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
What is the critical period and imprinting?
(what is)
Critical Period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
Who are the three stage theorists?
(who is/are)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Jean Piaget
Erik Erikson
Within the Operant Chamber, "shaping" takes place. Explain "shaping"
(what is) an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour
Explain the Operant Chamber, what is it also known as?
(What is) Skinner Box
in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat) can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
an attached device records the animal’s rate of pressing the bar/key
Explain the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
(what is) a stimulus that previously produced no response (NS) Now has a response (CS) because it was presented with an unconditioned stimulus.
The previously NS becomes a CS when presented alone because it produces a conditioned response (ex: salivation)
Who is Lev Vygotsky and what did he propose (2 ideas)
(Who is) Vygotsky studied how children think and learn in their social environment
1. Scaffold a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
2. ZPD the zone between what a child can and cannot do (what a child can do with help aka scaffolding) children learn best when in the sweet spot of easy and difficult
Piaget's 4 Stages of ___________ development
(Name the 4 Stages and what kind of development)
(What is) Cognitive Development
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete Operational
4) Formal Operational
Egocentrism is what and occurs in which stage of ____________'s Stages of ______________ development
(what is) child’s difficulty taking another POV
Piaget's Stages
Cognitive Development
Who is John B Watson?
What kind of Psychologist is he?
What did he propose with his field of Psychology
What do research psychologists believe in within his field?
said that we should study how organisms respond to their environments
Proposed behaviourism is the view that psychology
1) is an objective science that
2) studies behaviour without reference to mental. processes
Research psychologists do not agree with 2 because a lot of psychology has to do with our mental processes
Explain the meaning of Classical Conditioning include meanings of NS, US, UR, CS, CR
(What is) a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli
NS: something that does not naturally cause a response
US: naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning
UR: the natural, automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
CS: the previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a learned response.
CR: the learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus
Explain Assimilation VS Accommodation with examples
(what is)
Assimilation interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Identify and explain Kohlberg's stages of __________________ development
(What is) moral development
Preconventional
Morality based on external consequences (e.g., obedience to avoid punishment, seeking rewards).
Conventional
Morality based on social rules and laws (e.g., following rules to gain approval or maintain social order).
Postconventional
Morality based on abstract principles and personal ethical standards (e.g., justice, equality, individual rights).
Explain what "conservation" means in Piaget's stages. Which stage CAN and CANNOT understand this
(what is) the understanding that something stays the same in amount even if it looks different.
If you pour the same amount of water from a short, fat glass into a tall, skinny glass, conservation is knowing the amount of water hasn’t changed—just the shape of the glass has.
Preoperational Stage Cannot
Concrete Operational Can
Explain Positive VS Negative reinforcement with examples of each:
(what is) A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response
Take this scenario:
Every time Jamie takes a big test (which causes stress), they feel anxious. Eventually, just walking into the classroom on test day makes Jamie anxious—even before the test begins.
What parts of this everyday classical conditioning example shows NS, US, UR, CS, CR - identify and explain for each
NS: classroom previously not causing anxiety on a normal day
US: taking a test
UR: feeling anxiety toward the US
CS: the classroom on test day
CR: feeling anxious toward the CS, walking in the classroom on test day
What are the 4 Parenting Styles with explanations of each
(what is)
1) Authoritarian (low warmth high control)
Parents are coercive (Coercive means using force, threats, or pressure to make someone do something against their will.)
2) Permissive (High Warmth Low Control)
Parents are unrestraining. They make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment
3) Authoritative (high warmth high control)
Parents are confrontive they are both responsive and demanding.
4) Negligent (low warmth low control)
Parents are uninvolved They are neither demanding nor responsive.
Identify and explain all 8 of Erikson's stages
(What is)
If babies are fed, comforted, and cared for consistently, they learn to trust. If they’re ignored or mistreated, they may grow up afraid or suspicious.
Toddlers start doing things like walking or using the potty. Encouragement builds confidence; too much criticism makes them doubt themselves.
Kids begin to make up games, ask questions, and try leading. If supported, they feel capable. If shut down, they feel guilty for having ideas.
Kids focus on school, sports, and making friends. Praise helps them feel competent. Too much failure or criticism makes them feel "not good enough."
Teens explore who they are through friends, values, and interests. Support leads to a strong sense of self. Without it, they may feel lost.
Young adults look for deep connections. Healthy relationships build love and closeness. Fear of being hurt can lead to isolation.
Adults focus on family, work, and helping others. Feeling useful brings joy. Not contributing can lead to feeling stuck or unimportant.
Older adults reflect on their lives. If they feel proud, they find peace. If they regret too much, they feel sadness and fear.
Define each of the following
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Problem focussed coping
Emotion focussed coping
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
(What is):