Classical Conditioning
A stimulus which triggers an automatic response without previous learning.
What is Unconditioned Stimulus?
A stimulus, which, when presented, strengthens the behavior that follows
What is a reinforcer (reinforcement)
Learning by viewing others
What is observational learning
The three stages of memory
What are encoding, storage, and retrieval
Having a strong feeling that you know the answer to a question, but not quite being able to retrieve the answer.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue effect
What is Generalization?
This is conditioning which uses reinforcers to guide the individual to a desired behavior
What is shaping
Researcher who demonstrated learning occurs through watching and imitating, or modeling, behavior based on what is seen. (Hint - Bobo)
Who is Albert Bandura?
This type of memory has roughly a 30 second capacity and can hold 7 +/- 2 pieces of information
What is short-term memory
Memories that fades after storage will fade fastest near the beginning of the learning process according to this
What is Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve
A disappearance of or decrease in the conditioned response after repeated omission of the unconditioned stimulus.
What is extinction?
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequence are more likely to repeat
What is the Law of Effect
Learning indicated by suddenly arriving at the solution (Ah Ha moments)
What is insight.
Memory for how to do something (ex. how to tie a shoe)
What is procedural memory
When previously stored memories disrupt the recall of more recently stored memories.
What is proactive interference
Reappearance of the conditioned response some time after the extinction of this response has occurred
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
Reinforcement delivered for a response given only after a specific amount of time has passed.
What is a Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Term for learning that occurs without any particular reinforcement or reward, and which may become apparent later when there is some incentive to use that learning
What is latent learning
The two main ways sensory, short-term, and long-term memory differ from each other
What is capacity and duration
Amnesia characterized by impaired memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia
What is retrograde amnesia
The UCS, UCR, CS, and CR of Pavlov's famous dog experiment.
What is:
UCS - Food
UCR - Salivation in response to food
CS - Bell
CR - Salivation in response to bell
A student is given a detention after swearing in class. The teacher hopes this will stop the student from swearing in the future.
What is positive punishment.
What are the four stages of observational learning, according to Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Imitation
4. Motivation
Name and briefly explain the two main types of long-term memory
What is implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) memory
Patient HM could still store these types of memories after the removal of his hippocampus.
What is procedural and implicit memories