Learning and Memory

Learning

100

What is the basic difference between positive and negative reinforcers?

Positive reinforcers increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied, whereas negative reinforcers increase the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed.

200

How does a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement differ from a fixed-ratio schedule?

In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement takes place after a fixed amount of time; in a fixed-ratio schedule it takes place after a fixed number of behaviors

300

What are the 6 steps of the PQ4R method?

Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review

400

How do both people and animals learn responses through classical conditioning?

Through connecting a neutral stimulus to a non-neutral stimulus. This means that the once neutral stimulus will then evoke a new response after conditioning has taken place.

Learning Vocab

100

A type of learning that involves stimulus-response connections

conditioning

200

1) a type of learning in which people or animals learn to do or not do certain things because of the results 2) a learned avoidance of a particular food

1) operant conditioning 2) taste aversion

300

1) learning that remains hidden until it is needed 2) a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and not learned 3) a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces the small steps in an activity

1) latent learning 2) unconditioned stimulus 3) shaping

400

1) any method or activity that helps a person relax 2) stimuli that increases the frequency of a desired behavior 3) a type of learning in which one stimulus calls forth the response that is usually called forth by another stimulus 4) the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

1) relaxation technique 2) positive reinforcers 3) classical conditioning 4) generalization

Memory

100

What is sensory register? How is a sensory register different from short-term memory?

sensory register holds data that comes through our senses and lasts only a couple of seconds; short-term memory is where data is transferred if we pay attention to it

200

What is meant by the claim that memory is reconstructive? Why is this claim significant?

When we retrieve bits and pieces from our memory, our view of the world, events, etc., affect the results; therefore, each person's memory of an event is different

300

What are the three basic tasks of memory? Define each of them.

recognition - identifying encountered objects or events; recall - brining a memory back to mind; relearning - learning a second time things that have been forgotten

400

Define Explicit and Implicit Memory. What types of knowledge are associated with each of these types of memory?

Explicit Memory - memory of specific information, such as a date in history (semantic memory) and memory of experiences and events (episodic memory); Implicit Memory - memory of a habit or practiced skill, such as dancing (also called procedural memory)

Memory Vocab

100

loss of ability to sore new long-term memory

anterograde amnesia

200

1) translation of information into a form in which it can be stored and recovered 2) an organized representation of some portion of experience by associating related items together, used for interpreting new information

1) encoding 2) schema

300

1) identification of an object or event that has been previously encountered 2) memories that are easier to recollect in a particular setting or circumstance 3) to force out or push out

1) recognition 2) context-dependent memories 3) interference

400

1) visual images that are retained for only a fraction of a second 2) organizing bits of information into familiar units 3) technique for remembering by combining new information to be remembered with information already known 4) tacit knowledge of skills, which cannot be stated clearly

1) icons 2) chunking 3) elaborative rehearsal 4) implicit memory

500

1) inability to remember experiences from early childhood 2) inability to remember events from a time leading up to a traumatic event 3) areas in which immediate sense data are initially recorded 4) studying by repetition 5) photographic memory

1) infantile amnesia 2) retrograde amnesia 3) sensory registers 4) maintenance rehearsal 5) eidetic imagery