Terms
The theory that motivation is stimulated by results.
What is Expectancy Theory?
If not reinforced, the behavior may cease.
What is extinction?
The aim of Saavedra & Silverman.
What is to examine the role of classical conditioning in relation to fear and avoidance of stimuli?
The child misbehaved, so was spanked.
What is presentation punishment?
Hypothesis 1 for Bandura.
What is that observed aggression will be imitated, seeing model will make children more aggressive?
If the response is not reinforced, behavior may stop.
What is extinction?
Reward for showing less fear of and handling the buttons (a form of positive reinforcement).
What is contingency management?
Model type, model gender, learner gender.
What are the IVs of Bandura?
Two weaknesses of Saavedra & Silverman.
What are small sample, so not generalizable, subjective, higher risk of bias, and demand characteristics?
The results of probing questions for Alex.
What is 90%?
Correction procedures during the testing of Alex.
What are "No!" taking the object away, and looking away from Alex?
Three results of Bandura.
What are aggressive model exposure will lead to more aggressive behavior, this effect is greater with males than females, boys are more likely to be physically aggressive, girls more verbally aggressive, boys are likely to immitate the same gender; girls, too, but to a lesser extent.
May cause harm with no follow up and there was no informed consent.
What are two ethical negatives of Bandura?
You did great in school this term, so you don't have to take out the garbage for a month.
What is negative reinforcement?
The overview and purpose of the Feelings Thermometer.
What is a 9 point rating scale, 0-8, with the purpose of helping to understand the boy's condition in Saavedra & Silverman?
An example is actually touching the buttons to help reduce phobia.
What is in vivo treatment?
How previous studies influenced Saavedra & Silverman.
What is Pavlov's conditioning, the idea that humans can learn and unlearn based on expectancy and evaluation? May also include Hepburn and Page (1999), who also treated disgust and De Jong et al. (1997), who worked with children with spider phobias (including diminished disgust).
Group with the least aggression displayed.
What is the group with non-aggressive models?
Two conclusions from Bandura.
What are
Observation and imitation can account for learning, all 4 hypothesis supported, observed likely to be imitated (both aggression and non), child more likely to imitate same gender model, boys more likely to copy aggression.
How were the participants grouped, by gender and number, in Bandura?
What are
Seventy-two, 36 male, 36 female. Twenty-four, 12M, 12F, were in the control group. Twenty four (12M/12F) were in each condition- aggressive and non-aggresssive. In each of these two groups, 6m & 6F were assigned to models, M and F.
Because you got great grades, you do not have to wash the dishes this week.
What is negative reinforcement?
Two ways that Saavedra & Silverman is useful.
What are
showed that conditioning can help people with phobias cope or get over the phobia
Shows that working on disgust reduction would help those with phobias
Ethical positives for Bandura.
What are
the children were always supervised
the children's pre-experiment aggression levels were rated by the teacher and an experimentor, thus counteracting rater bias.
The ecological validity of Bandura.
What is
not strong (lab), toys are common, perhaps school-like, children watch adults all the time.
Four detailed ethical considerations of Pepperberg.
What are
properly cared for animal (fed, stimulated, able to move freely), animals cannot consent, not normal environment, important to be rewarded appropriately?