Classical conditioning
In the Little Albert experiment, what stimulus was paired with a loud noise to create a fear response?
A white rat
What is the term for reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour?
Shaping behaviour
If someone becomes increasingly startled by loud noises after repeatedly hearing sudden bangs, what type of learning has occurred?
Sensitisation
Name the four main divisions of non-declarative (implicit) memory.
Priming, procedural memory, associative memory, non-associative memory
What type of memory was involved in H.M.'s learning and performance of a mirror-tracing task?
Procedural memory (non-declarative)
What term describes responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli?
Stimulus discrimination
Which type of reinforcement leads to behaviour that is more resistant to extinction: continuous or partial reinforcement?
Partial reinforcement
If someone stops noticing the sound of a ticking clock after sitting in a room for a while, what type of learning has occurred?
Habituation
What type(s) of memory is dependent on the medial temporal lobes?
Declarative memory (episodic and semantic)
What is the term to describe when older memories are less susceptible to amnesia, and only the memories most recently acquired before the injury are affected?
Temporally graded
What is it called when a conditioned response returns after a rest period following extinction?
Spontaneous recovery
What do you call an antecedent that signals which of two or more potential behaviours is appropriate in a context?
Discriminative stimulus
What are the 3 C's of punishment that determine its efficacy?
Contingency, contiguity, consistency
From which component of Baddeley's WMM would an episodic memory trace be produced?
Episodic buffer, in the parietal lobe of the cortex
H.M. suffered from
Temporally graded retrograde amnesia and dense anterograde amnesia
What term describes relearning a conditioned response faster after it has been extinguished?
Rapid reacquisition
A lab animal receives food every 30 seconds if it presses a lever at least once during that time period. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed interval schedule
A student repeatedly talks during a lecture. The teacher gives the student a detention every third time the student interrupts the class. What punishment schedule is being used in this situation?
Fixed ratio schedule
What are the two types of priming?
Repetition priming and associative/semantic priming
H.M.'s temporally graded retrograde amnesia revealed that storage to declarative LTM involves what hippocampal <--> cortical process?
Consolidation
What occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
A gambler is rewarded unpredictably at the casino, sometimes cashing out after 5 rounds, and sometimes after 20. What is the name of this reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio schedule
A company occasionally checks employees’ internet usage logs. These checks occur at unpredictable times, and if an employee is found using non-work websites during a check, they receive a formal warning. What punishment schedule is being used in this situation?
Variable interval schedule
What theory by Craig and Tulving (1975) suggested that meaningful encoding of information from WM/STM is more effective for long-term retention of declarative memory?
Levels of processing
H.M.'s dense anterograde amnesia during the mirror-tracing task revealed the dissociation between which two divisions of memory?
Declarative and non-declarative memory