Classical Conditioning
What is the unlearned, natural response to a stimulus called?
Unconditioned response (UR).
Who is the psychologist most associated with operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner.
Who conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment?
Albert Bandura.
Who discovered classical conditioning through experiments with dogs?
Ivan Pavlov.
A dog salivates when it hears a can opener. What type of learning is this?
Classical conditioning.
In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the neutral stimulus before conditioning?
The bell.
What type of reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior?
Negative reinforcement
What type of neurons are believed to fire when observing and performing the same action?
Mirror neurons
Which psychologist studied taste aversion in rats?
John Garcia
A parent gives their child extra screen time for completing homework. What type of reinforcement is this?
Positive reinforcement.
What term describes the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction?
Spontaneous recovery.
What reinforcement schedule rewards a behavior after a random number of responses?
Variable-ratio schedule
What is the term for learning by watching others?
Observational learning
Who proposed the Law of Effect?
Edward Thorndike.
A worker receives a paycheck every two weeks. What reinforcement schedule does this represent?
Fixed-interval schedule
What happens when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus trigger the same response?
Generalization.
What is the difference between positive punishment and negative punishment?
Positive punishment adds an aversive stimulus, while negative punishment removes a desirable stimulus.
What kind of behavior is modeled to encourage positive, socially beneficial actions?
Prosocial behavior
Who is considered the father of behaviorism?
John B. Watson
A student stops studying because they believe their efforts won’t improve their grade. What psychological phenomenon is this?
Learned helplessness
How does higher-order conditioning differ from basic classical conditioning?
In higher-order conditioning, a new neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus.
What technique involves rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping.
How can observational learning explain the spread of aggressive behaviors?
Observing others engage in aggressive actions can lead individuals to model and replicate those behaviors.
Which psychologist demonstrated the cognitive map concept in rats?
Edward Tolman
What kind of learning explains why children might develop fears their parents have?
Observational learning.