Conditioning
What are the three phases of operant conditioning?
Antecedant - Behaviour - Consequence
What are the 5 phases of observational learning?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation, Reinforcement
What are the 3 simple steps of memory processing? (NOT the Atkinson Shiffrin model)
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What is episodic memory?
Personal memory of moments
What is a benefit of a written culture?
recording information through the written word allows it to be easily conserved over a great length of time, in many cases generations.
written text can be easily disseminated (passed on)
Is classical conditioning voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
Explain retention
Second phase of observational learning - when a learner retains a mental representation of model behaviour for future use
How does information enter short term memory?
Someone must pay attention to the stimulus
What is it called when you are projecting yourself forwards in time to pre-experience an event that might happen in your personal future?
Episodic future thinking or mental time travel
In the method of loci, what are the retrieval cues?
Locations
In classical conditioning when is the neutral stimulus presented?
Immediately before the unconditioned stimulus
What is a benefit of story sharing or yarning?
Learning can be built upon real world experiences
What brain region encodes, consolidates and retrieves explicit memories (impacted by Alzheimer’s)?
Hippocampus
What are two symptoms of aphantasia?
• struggle to remember or ‘relive’ autobiographical events
• have difficulty imagining future or hypothetical events
• have problems with factual memory
• dream less
• have decreased imagery involving other senses such as sound or touch
• have trouble recognising faces.
What is the difference between an acrostic and an acronym?
Acronym: a word formed from the first letter of each word to be remembered. Letters of the abbreviation act as cues (to retrieve more complex material)
Acrostic: are phrases in which the first letter of each word functions as a cue to help with recall.
An uncomfortable face harness is removed from the service dog after it performs the alerting behaviour. What time of consequence is this and how does it impact the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again?
Negative Reinforcement & Increases likelihood of recurring behaviour
Which of the 8 ways of knowing fits this description: There are different phases of learning that can be learned in the order that best suits that moment.
Non-linear
What is the capacity, duration and function of Short term memory?
Function - actively manipulates encoded information
Duration - 12-30 seconds
Capacity 7+-2 items
What are the four brain changes that occur for Alzheimer's?
Amyloid plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, lack of acetylcholine & brain atrophy
How does a songline work in relation to memory?
At each location, a song or story, dance or ceremony is performed that will always be associated with that location and allows the retrieval of Dreaming Stories that contain knowledge of a wide range of subjects.
Imagine a scenario in which the neutral stimulus is seeing a bee, the unconditioned stimulus is being stung by the bee and the unconditioned response is pain from the sting. What would the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response be?
Conditioned stimulus = seeing the bee
Conditioned response = fear of the pain of the sting
What are three of the things John must have to make paella through observational learning? (Hint: What bold words must we know for the phases of this model)
A mental representation of someone else cooking paella, The physical & mental capabilities to cook paella, The desire to want to cook paella
Which three brain regions are responsible for implicit memories and what are their roles?
Amygdala - encodes emotional memories (fear or aggression) & can regulate emotions
Cerebellum - encodes (& temporarily stores) movement & classically conditioned memory, coordinates fine motor movement
Basal Ganglia - encodes habit memory OR encodes & initiates sequenced movement
Eventually, which area of the brain is impacted by Alzheimer's, and what does it result in?
cerebral cortex, resulting in the loss of stored explicit
(including episodic, semantic and autobiographical) long-term memories (retrograde amnesia) as
well as problems with attention and changes to personality and emotions.
How can short term memory duration be extended?
How can STM capacity be extended?
Must say them in the right order
Elaborative rehearsal
Chunking