Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Process of Memory
Forgetting, Construction, Improving Memory
Surprise!
100
Classical Conditioning
What is the type of learning that links two or more stimuli and anticipates events? Provide an example.
100
Operant conditioning.
What is the association between own actions with consequences. Give an example.
100
Encoding = getting information into our brain Storage = retain that information Retrieval = later be able to get it back out
What is the information-processing system our brains use?
100
We retain the memory of the event, but not of the context in which we acquired it.
What is source amnesia?
100
Taste aversion.
What term describes the situation following? : If you became violently ill after eating mussels, you probably would have a hard time eating them again. Their smell and taste would have become a CS for nausea. This learning occurs readily because our biology prepares us to learn taste aversions to toxic foods.
200
Extinction is a diminish in a response that occurs when the conditioned response no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimuli. For example: If Pavlov continued to ring the bell without presenting food to the dog, the dog would begin to salivate less and less.
What is extinction that occurs in a classical conditioning experiment?
200
Positive reinforcement is when a stimulus is added to create the behavior. Negative reinforcement is when a stimulus is removed to create the behavior.
What is positive reinforcement? What is negative reinforcement?
200
Chunking is finding similarity is a sequence to help recall information easier later.
What is chunking, and how does it help us?
200
Studying repeatedly, making the material meaningful, activate retrieval cues, use memory devises, use mnemonic devices, minimize interference, sleep more, test your own knowledge.
What is helpful towards improving memory?
200
Variable-Ratio. Fixed-interval.
What is the reinforcement schedule used in the following scenarios? : Door-to-door salespeople. People checking the oven to see if the cookies are done.
300
Nausea conditioning in cancer patients. Before Conditioning = (US - drug) → (UR - nausea) Conditioning = (CS - waiting room) → (US - drug) → (US - nausea) After Conditioning = (CS – waiting room) → (CR – nausea)
What is the before conditioning, conditioning, and after conditioning in the following example? (HINT: Put it in a chart format) : Nausea conditioning in cancer patients. (US, UR, CS, CR)
300
Fixed Ratio – After every so often, the maid rewards herself with a break.
What is the type of reinforcement schedule used in the following situation: A hotel maid may take a 15-minute break only after having cleaned three rooms.
300
Verbal information being quickly forgotten because it was not rehearsed.
What is short-term memory decay? .
300
It is the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information: (EX: You are learning a long list of words and as you get to the end of the list you can't remember the words because your brain is still processing the first half of the list.)
What is an example of proactive interference?
300
Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. The mouse learning without reinforcement, but from exploring a maze numerous times.
What is latent learning, and what kind of experiment was given as an example in the class text?
400
The cake and its taste are the US. The associated aroma is the CS. Salivation to the aroma is the CR.
What is the US, CS, and CR of the following situation. The aroma of a cake baking sets your mouth to watering.
400
Intrinsic = desire to perform behavior for own self, motivation from within Extrinsic = behaving in certain ways to receive external awards, motivation comes from around and outside of us
What is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
400
James McGaugh says, “Stronger emotional experiences make for stronger, more reliable memories”. The more emotions put into an event lead to stronger the memories and traumatic images in the brain. The less of an impact an event or situation had on a person's emotions, the weaker the memories. This goes back to remembering things that are more interesting than boring to us. We will remember the things that strike our attention more than the things that we could daydream over.
How do emotions impact memory?
400
Absent-mindedness- inattention to details leads to encoding failure (our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys) Transience – storage decay over time (after we part ways with the former classmates, unused information fades) Blocking- inaccessibility of stored information (seeing an actor in an old movie, we feel the name on the tip of our tongue but experience retrieval failure-we cannot get it out)
What is a sin of forgetting?
400
Intrinsic Motivation
What is the type of motivation that lead Tiger Woods to play golf?
500
UCS = unconditioned stimulus = UCR = unconditioned response = CS = conditioned stimulus or neutral = CR = conditioned response =
What does UCS, UCR, CS (NS), and CR stand for, and identify them in the following situation: It is pouring rain when you and your friend are driving to the mall. You see an oddly colored green car coming toward you and it seems to be out of control. The car smashes into you but, fortunately, you and your friend sustain only minor injuries. Later you are walking around campus and you see another car that is the same odd-color green. You become tense and fearful.
500
Negative punishment because the person is withdrawing a desirable stimulus (money) to give up smoking. This person is punishing themselves when not successful with goal.
What is the type of reinforcement or punishment is used in the following situation and why? A person is trying to quit smoking. The person decides that every time she lights up, she will put $1 in a jar.
500
Recall is the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness. Recognition gives us the ability to identify items previously learned. Relearning is the ability to master previously learned material faster as you continue to see it and recall it. Retrieval cues play a role in helping associate more things together as our knowledge broadens and expands. Priming is the part of the process of activating associations.
How do we get information out of memory?
500
Are memories of early childhood repressed? Abuse happens and can leave nasty scars. Innocent people have been accused of crimes they never committed. Forgetting good or bad events from the past is an ordinary part of life. Recovering memories can be triggered by memory cues. Infantile amnesia is the explanation for not remembering things in very early childhood (under three years old). Memory under the influence of substances and illness are unreliable.
What is the controversy related to claims of repressed and recovered memories?
500
WHAT IS IT?
What is your favorite experiment that you have read so far, and explain to me the purpose of the experiment, who created the experiment, and how it can be applied to your life?
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