Classical
Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning occurred while he was studying __________.
digestion in dogs
Operant conditioning is based on the understanding that behaviors are learned as a result of __________.
Consequences
The dogs’ salivation in response to the anticipation of food in Pavlov’s study is called the __________.
unconditioned response
A server receives a 50 percent tip from a patron after the server took extra time to cut the steak for her elderly, disabled customer. What type of operant conditioning is this?
positive reinforcement
Albert Bandura is best known for studying learning related to __________.
aggression
A __________ is a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
Phobia
An outcome that increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated is called a__________.
Reinforcer
Blinking in response to a puff of air and salivating in response to the smell of food are both considered __________.
Unconditioned responses
Receiving detention in high school (requiring you to stay after school and do extra math problems) for being late to class is an example of __________.
positive punishment
In Bandura’s model of observational learning, the first step required for learning to occur is __________.
attention
___________ is the process of associating positive stimuli with previously negative stimuli in order to get rid of a fear response.
Counterconditioning
A __________ satisfies a basic biological need such as hunger or thirst.
primary reinforcer
Cecilia plays a musical sound using an app on her phone right before serving breakfast. Over time, her son and daughter come to the breakfast table just by hearing the musical sound. Her son and daughter’s reaction to the fiddle sound demonstrates a __________.
Conditioned response
When you buckle your seatbelt to stop the buzzer in your car, the removal of the irritating sound is __________.
negative reinforcement
Miles, a bit shy and reserved, watches as his best friend eagerly volunteers to present his end-of-semester project to the entire class. Impressed with his willingness to volunteer, the teacher awards Miles’ friend with extra points. This time, when the teacher asks for volunteers, Miles is the first to raise his hand. This illustrates what Bandura called __________ in the process of observational learning.
motivation
A classically conditioned dislike and avoidance of a certain food following illness is referred to as a(n) __________.
Taste aversion
The goal of punishment is to __________.
stop/weaken behavior
__________ was the unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert classical conditioning experiment.
Loud noise
Laurel's mom yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse.
Positive punishment
Learning that is not immediately expressed and occurs without any obvious reinforcement is called __________.
latent learning
Gustav quit smoking cigarettes right after high school and has not been interested in smoking since then. However, Gustav attends his 10-year high school reunion this year and runs into his high school buddies. Almost immediately, Gustav feels a desire to go outside behind the old gym and share a smoke. What explains Gustav’s unexpected yearning to smoke?
Spontaneous recovery
Jessie takes her puppy, Coco, for obedience training. Jessie also requests that the trainers teach Coco some unique tricks. Coco’s trainers will likely incorporate a system of shaping by reinforcing __________ of the desired behavior.
successive approximations
Before conditioning, a stimulus that doesn’t elicit the reflexive or desired response is the __________.
Neutral stimulus
Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a burn.
__________ neurons in the brain are specialized cells that are known to fire when one animal watches another animal engage in an action or movement.
mirror