Classical Conditioning
What is associative learning?
Learning that certain events occur together.
The reappearance after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called
Spontaneous recovery
Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance,______ has occurred.
Extinction
Bandura's famous Bodo doll experiment is most closely associated with what type of learning?
Observational Learning
A mental image of a spatial layout is called
Cognitive map
A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept of
Discrimination
Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so. This is an example of what type of operant conditioning?
negative reinforcement
The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah’s father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as
Shaping
To stop his uncle’s constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy’s behavior is being controlled by what type of reinforcement?
In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of
Learned Helplessness
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus
is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.
A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio
Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother’s house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother’s house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?
Grandmother's house; falling
When Bram exhibits inappropriate behavior, his parents use time‑outs, during which he has to sit at a plain desk without toys. This approach to decreasing inappropriate behavior utilizes the concept of
Negative Punishment
In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of
latent learning
Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principle decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. In this example, the music is a
conditioned stimulus
Taking a painkiller to relive a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
Negative reinforcement
Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet’s reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of
generalization
Effect
Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, “We do not yell in this house!” Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie’s behavior is best explained by
observational learning
In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was
both an unconditioned and a conditioned response.
What is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
Money, Candy, Prizes, tokens
The use of tokens in token economies is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement?
secondary
The “Little Albert” study demonstrated that
Fear can be conditioned
Brian was having difficulty solving a riddle, but after sleeping, he suddenly understood the answer. Brian’s newfound knowledge was probably the result of
insight