Who's Who?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Reinforcement Schedules
100
Considered to be the father of classical conditioning, this scientist used dogs and salivation to study trained behaviors.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
100
The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
What is generalization?
100
When reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
What is shaping?
100
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
What is modeling?
100
Delivering a food pellet to a rat after it presses a bar five times.
Fixed-Ratio
200
This scientist, known for his contributions to Operant Conditioning, also has a behavior technology tool named after him - also known as an Operant Box.
Who is BF Skinner?
200
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What is discrimination?
200
The principle that states behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
What is the law of effect?
200
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
What are mirror neurons?
200
Reinforcing a rat with a lab pellet for the first bar press after a 30 second interval has elapsed.
Fixed-interval
300
This scientist's methods were severely questioned by modern day researchers regarding his study of stimulus generalization and classical conditioning in humans. Poor, Albert.
Who is John B. Watson?
300
The initial stage when one links the neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
What is acquisition?
300
The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake as opposed to performing the behavior for promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment.
What is intrinsic motivation?
300
Explain how observational learning can lead to prosocial behaviors. Provide an example.
Individuals can observe and imitate positive role models. For example, one may want to imitate Ellen Degeneres and her giving behavior.
300
Delivering food pellets to a rat after one bar press, again after four bar presses, and a third pellet after two bar presses.
Variable-ratio
400
This scientist establish the law of effect principle which was later elaborated upon by one of the founding fathers of Operant Conditioning.
Who is Edward Thorndike?
400
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in our conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus thus creating a second conditioned stimulus.
What is higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)?
400
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
What is latent learning?
400
Explain the Bobo doll experiment. What were the results?
A preschool child works on drawing An adult in another part of the room is building with Tinkertoys. As the child watches, the adult gets up and for nearly 10 minutes pounds, kicks, and throws around the room a large inflatable Bobo doll. The adult is yelling, “Sock him in the nose… Hit him down… Kick him.” The child is then taken to another room filled with appealing toys. The experimenter leaves, returns, and then tells the child she had decided to save these good toys, “for the other children.” She takes the now-frustrated child to a third adjacent room and containing a few toys, including a Bobo doll. Compared with children not exposed to the adult model, those who viewed the model’s actions were much more likely to lash out at the doll. Observing the aggressive outburst lowered inhibitions of the behavior The children also imitated the acts as they had observed and used the very words they had heard the adult use.
400
Delivering a food pellet to a rate after the first bar press following a one minute interval, another pellet for the first response following a fine minute interval, and a third food pellet for the first response following a three minute interval.
Variable-interval
500
This scientist's experiment studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll.
Who is Albert Bandura?
500
Explain how spontaneous recovery supports the following statement: "Extinction suppresses but does not eliminate the conditioned response."
Spontaneous Recovery is the reappearance, after a hiatus, of an extinguished conditioned response. Although the conditioned response has diminished through extinction, spontaneous recovery shows us that the response was not altogether eliminated.
500
Explain how insight learning is evidence of the cognitive influences regarding operant conditioning.
Insight learning occurs after little or no systematic interaction with the environment. Because insight is novel, the solution or insight cannot be trained or reinforced. Cognition - or thinking - must have occurred to produced this untrained and new response.
500
Name two of the four parameters that must be fulfilled for the "violence-viewing effect" to occur
Violent act goes unpunished Victim's pain is not shown Violence is "justified" Violent person is attractive
500
Reinforcement linked to number of responses produces a ___________________ response rate than reinforcement linked to amount of time elapsed. Explain.
Higher. Because rewards are dictated by completion of X amount of responses (ratio), subject may perform more responses than a subject that is on an interval schedule which is dictated by time.
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