Behaviorism
The term used by behaviorists to refer to humans and non-humans alike
What is an organism?
According to cognitive theories, learning involves the formation of ____________
What are mental representations
Developed a theory of imitation and modeling
Who is Bandura?
People that are able to recognize features and patterns not easily recognized by others.
What are experts?
People want to have a sense of control regarding the things they do and the directions their lives take.
What is the need for autonomy?
One of the differences between classical and operant conditioning
What is the nature of response (involuntary or voluntary)?
The German word for "structured whole"
What is Gestalt?
One of the conditions necessary for effective modeling to occur
What is attention / retention / motor reproduction / motivation?
Knowing which learning strategies are effective and which are not
What is metacognitive knowledge?
A good way to teach elementary-school students how to solve:
3 + 5 + 8 = __+8
according to embodied cognition
What is gesturing?
In classical conditioning, there must be _________ between the UCS and CS
What is contingency?
The process of remembering prior recollections
What is reconsolidation?
The phenomenon in which behaviors that were acquired through observing others appear only days or weeks later
What is delayed imitation?
Acquisition of new knowledge or skills that build on and benefit from previously acquired, more basic information
What is vertical transfer?
I'd really like to improve my history knowledge. I plan to read some more books over the winter and audit a history course in the spring.
What is a mastery goal?
The application of behaviorist principles to address serious and chronic behavior problems
Applied Behavior Analysis
The principle that is reflected in the following finding: Immigrants from Russia to the U.S. tend to recall more events from from their birth country when speaking in Russian, but more events from their time in the U.S. when speaking in English.
What is encoding specificity?
The extent in which language is essential for learning, the kind of experiences that promote learning, and the kind of social interactions that are most valuable for learning
What are the key theoretical differences between Piaget and Vygotsky?
Mixing up related topics and practicing them together
What is interleaving?
The last step in the four-step sequence in the development of internalized motivation.
What is integration?
Reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses have been made
What is a ratio schedule?
A memory phenomenon that seems to be incompatible with the elaborative retrieval explanation of the "testing effect"
Retrieval-induced forgetting
The following is an example of:
When a child struggles to fit an upside-down puzzle piece into position and an adult suggests that the child try rotating the piece
What is scaffolding in guided play?
Individuals' beliefs about knowledge and knowing
What are epistemic beliefs?
The type of verbs found to activate somatosensory cortex
Body-related verbs, such as "lick" and "pick"