The language spoken most frequently in the child's home
What is the mother tongue
100
Ages 5 to 7
What is the age at which "real" reading begins
100
The stage at which a reader can decode words
What is stage 1
200
Understanding that words can be divided into a series of phonemes
What is phonemic awareness
200
Finnish and Italian, for example
What are shallow orthographies
200
The stage at which there is no longer an advantage of listening comprehension over written comprehension
What is mature reading comprehension
200
The stage at which reading can be used as a tool for learning
Stage 3
300
Understanding that oral language is composed of strings of words, which themselves are composed of syllables and phonemes
What is the alphabetic principle
300
Seven words per day
What is the number of words the average child learns per day from elementary through high school
300
The three "cognitive foundations" for learning to read, identified by Hulme & Snowling
What are letter-sound knowledge, phonemic awareness, and rapid automatized naming skills
300
An approach to literacy instruction that targets both phonetics and whole language learning
What is a balanced approach
400
The ability to think and talk about language
What are metalinguistic skills
400
The language with the most irregular (deep) orthography
What is English (1,000 letter combinations represent 42 sounds)
400
45-60 words per minute
What is the threshold for automaticity
400
A form of assessment using ongoing assessment to identify and respond to students' learning needs
What is formative assessment
500
Decoding
What is reading an unfamiliar word using knowledge of letter-sound correspondences
500
An alphabetic orthography where letters are always associated with the same sound
What is a shallow (or consistent) orthography
500
A neurobiological learning disability "characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and encoding abilities
What is dyslexia
500
The sections of the brain activated by native Chinese readers (but not native English readers)
What are the left middle frontal and posterior parietal gyri