Type 1 Diabetes
A child presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. What condition should be suspected?
What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
These are hallmark signs caused by insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia.
What characteristic is common in children with Type 2 diabetes?
What is obesity?
Excess weight contributes to insulin resistance.
A child has polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute urine. What condition should be suspected?
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
ADH deficiency or renal insensitivity causes excessive fluid loss.
A child is significantly taller than peers. What pituitary condition may be present?
What is pituitary hyperfunction (excess GH)?
Results in gigantism before growth plate closure.
What is the goal blood glucose range for pediatric diabetics?
What is 80–120 mg/dL?
Maintains glycemic control and prevents complications.
Why is Type 1 diabetes classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic?
What is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells or unknown cause?
Immune-mediated is most common in children.
How does Type 2 diabetes differ from Type 1 in pathophysiology?
What is it involves insulin resistance rather than total deficiency?
The pancreas still produces some insulin.
What is the primary hormone affected in Diabetes Insipidus?
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
It regulates water retention in the kidneys.
What is acromegaly and when does it occur?
What is GH excess after epiphyseal plate closure?
Causes enlarged facial features and hands.
What is the first action for hypoglycemia symptoms?
What is administer 10–15g of simple carbs?
Quick sugar intake resolves symptoms.
Why are viral infections considered a risk factor for Type 1 diabetes?
What is they may trigger autoimmune destruction of beta cells?
Certain viruses may initiate the autoimmune response.
Why might symptoms of Type 2 diabetes be less noticeable?
What is due to slower onset and residual insulin function?
Hyperglycemia develops gradually.
What distinguishes central DI from nephrogenic DI?
What is central DI results from low ADH production; nephrogenic DI is due to renal unresponsiveness?
Treatment varies accordingly.
What causes precocious puberty?
What is early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
Results in early development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Why must insulin timing align with meals?
What is to prevent hypoglycemia from insulin peak effect?
Matching food with insulin action avoids lows.
Why is insulin therapy required for Type 1 DM?
What is because the pancreas no longer produces insulin?
Exogenous insulin is essential to prevent DKA.
Which test confirms diagnosis when random glucose >200 mg/dL and symptoms present?
What is diagnostic for diabetes?
This meets ADA criteria for diagnosis.
What medication is used to treat central DI?
What is desmopressin?
It is a synthetic ADH analogue.
What diagnostic test helps confirm pituitary tumors?
What is MRI of the brain?
Used to assess tumor size and location.
What insulin type is used for basal coverage?
What is long-acting insulin (e.g., Lantus)?
Provides continuous glucose control.
What is the purpose of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) monitoring?
What is to assess long-term glucose control over 2–3 months?
It reflects average blood sugar levels and guides treatment adjustments.
What lifestyle changes are first-line treatment for pediatric Type 2 DM?
What is dietary modification and physical activity?
These aim to reduce insulin resistance.
Why is dehydration a major concern in DI?
What is because the kidneys cannot concentrate urine?
Excessive water loss leads to volume depletion.
What hormone is deficient in hypopituitarism causing short stature?
What is growth hormone?
Its deficiency leads to delayed growth.
Why is emotional support crucial for children with endocrine disorders?
What is to address body image and adherence issues?
Chronic conditions affect self-esteem and routine.