The Integumentary system
Approximately how long does it take for skin renewal to occur?
4 weeks
What is hematopoiesis and where does this occur?
The formation of blood cells; occurs in red marrow
What are nutrient foramen?
Small holes in the bone's surface where arteries, veins, and nerves enter
Which parts of the skeleton make up the axial skeleton? how many bones is this, approximately?
Cranium, vertebral column, thoracic cage - approximately 80 bones
What are the regions of the vertebral column, and how many vertebrae are included in each region?
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 bones fused into 1), coccyx (4 bones fused into 1)
What are the layers of the epidermis listed in order from most superficial to deepest?
Stratum corneum -> stratum lucidum -> stratum granulosum -> stratum spinosum -> stratum basale
Which part of the bone houses the epiphyseal plate?
Metaphysis
________ ossification is when bone develops directly from the mesenchyme, while ________ ossification is when bones form by replacing a hyaline cartilage
intramembranous; endochondral
What is the large hole of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to attach to the brain
foramen magnum
What is the difference between primary and secondary curvatures of the spine? which regions are primary, and which are secondary?
Primary curvatures are there when you're born, secondary curvatures develop as you age. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are primary, lumbar and cervical are secondary
What layer of the integumentary system are sweat glands found?
Reticular layer of the dermis
the ________ is the fibrous outer layer of bone, while the _______ is the delicate inner lining.
Periosteum; endosteum
What is the name of the law that states bones adapt to stress by becoming thicker and stronger?
Wolff's law
What are the three cranial fossae? What does each of them hold?
Anterior cranial fossa - frontal lobes; middle cranial fossa - temporal lobes; posterior cranial fossa - cerebellum and brainstem
What are the three parts of the sternum? which part connects with the clavicles and first pair of ribs?
Manubrium, body of the sternum, xiphoid process; the manubrium
What type of skin cancer is the most common? which type has the highest risk of metastasis?
Basal cell carcinoma; melanoma
Bones are classified by their shape, what shapes can they be classified as?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Which hormones are involved in regulating blood calcium? What are some consequences of low blood calcium? high blood calcium?
Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
Low: muscle spasms; nerve excitability; bone weakening; cardiac issues
high: muscle weakness; fatigue & confusion; kidney stones; bone fragility; cardiac issues
Which bones of the face make up the upper jaw and holds the upper teeth?
Maxillae
What is the name of the structure that holds the pituitary gland, and which cranial bone is it a feature of?
sella turcica; sphenoid
What is the main cell type of the dermis and what does it produce?
Fibroblasts; produces collagen and elastin fibers
Which bone cells form the bone matrix, and which bone cells break down bone for resorption?
Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
This part of the bone is a hollow space that contains red and yellow marrow
medullary cavity
What are the 4 cranial sutures? which one is between the frontal and parietal bones?
Coronal; Sagittal; lambdoid; squamous; the coronal suture is between the frontal and parietal bones
Which bone is special in the way that it does not articulate with any other bone in the body? which bone is special in the way that it is known as a 'keystone' and articulates with almost every other cranial bone
hyoid bone; sphenoid bone