Take away
What substance is the cell membrane normally completely permeable to, allowing it to move in and out of a cell without restrictions?
Water
Fatty change, or steatosis, refers to any abnormal accumulation of what within parenchymal cells?
Triglycerides (or fat)
Hyaline changes represent the accumulation of which macromolecules?
Proteins
Unlike intracellular hyaline changes, intercellular (extracellular) changes are associated with what level of permanence?
Irreversible
Cell injury could disrupt metabolism leading to the accumulation of substances, or it could be associated with cellular adaptation to changes in what?
The surroundings (or environment)
What force is higher in a solution with a high solute concentration and is responsible for pulling fluid toward it?
Osmotic pressure
What normally functioning liver cells produce lipids from free fatty acids brought in by the blood?
Hepatocytes
What intracellular hyaline inclusions in hepatocytes were once thought to be specific to alcoholic hepatitis, but are now known to be found in other liver diseases?
Mallory bodies (or Mallory alcoholic hyaline)
What is the generic term that describes a variety of proteinaceous materials abnormally deposited in tissue interstitium in a spectrum of clinical disorders?
Amyloid
Hyaline changes get their name because, under a microscope, the accumulated slightly pink material reminds observers of what specific type of tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
Damage to which specific organelles during cell injury impairs ATP production and creates difficulties in removing sodium from the cell?
Mitochondria
With increasing severity of injury, what destructive event can happen to cells due to the constantly accumulating fat?
Rupture
In minimal-change disease, heavy proteinuria causes proteins to be absorbed from the urine and accumulate within the cells of the renal proximal tubules under what name?
Reabsorption droplets
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is associated with extracellular protein accumulation that causes the thickening of the arteriole's wall and the automatic narrowing of what internal space?
The lumen
When a cell attempts to rid itself of a damaged organelle, it digests it using enzymes from which organelle?
Lysosome
By what two-word descriptive name is hydropic change also known because the affected cells lose their transparency and look like they are in a fog?
Cloudy swelling
Protein malnutrition, intoxication, and anoxia are three of the five listed causes for steatosis; what is one of the remaining two causes?
Obesity or diabetes mellitus
The plasma cell dyscrasias, which are B-cell neoplasms that result in an increase in a single homogenous immunoglobulin, are also known by what medical term?
Monoclonal gammopathies (or monoclonal tumors)
What rare type of ischemic stroke is due to hyaline arteriolosclerosis causing the obliteration of arterioles in some midbrain nuclei?
Lacunar infarction
When lysosomal destruction is incomplete, what nondigested fragments remain within the cytoplasm as traces of the former cell injury?
Residual bodies
As a consequence of hydropic change in the nephron, increased intracapsular hydrostatic pressure causes pressure atrophy of the capillary tuft, leading to the loss of what structures?
Glomeruli
While the prognosis for alcoholic steatosis is usually good with abstinence, what irreversible condition develops in 1-2% of cases over 20 years?
Cirrhosis
In plasma cell dyscrasias, what specific protein inclusions are found within the nuclei of the plasma cells?
Dutcher bodies
In an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke, weakness caused by hyaline arteriolosclerosis means the cerebral arterioles will tear during a sudden increase in what?
Blood pressure
While Dutcher bodies are found in the nucleus, what specific protein inclusions are found within the cytoplasm of plasma cells?
Russell bodies