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___ need a living host cell for replication?
Viruses
What is a capsid?
Protein coat that protects the nucleic acid
What is housed in the core a the viral cell?
DNA/ RNA
What structure serves are the outer protections for the virus?
Envelope
What are the classifications of viruses? (HINT 4)
1.double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
2.single stranded DNA (SSDNA)
3.double- stranded RNA (dsRNA)
4.single – stranded RNA (ssRNA)
What is the life cycle of a virus? (HINT 6 steps)
1. Virus attaches to a receptor on target cell
2. Releases enzymes that weaken the membrane and allow it to penetrate the cell
3. Uncoats itself
4. Replicates
5. Matures ad escapes from the cell by budding from the plasma membrane
6. Infection spreads to other host cells
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, what does cessastion mean?
It means to stop the DNA/RNA and protein synthesis
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, what is the disruption of lysosomal membranes mean?
It is the release of lysosomal enzymes that kill the cell
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, what does fusion mean?
To produce multi-nucleated giant cells (RSV)
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, what does alteration of antigenic properties of the infected cell do?
It causes the immune system to attack the cell as if it were foreign
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, what is the result of transformation of the host cell into cancerous cells?
Uninhibited and unregulated growth
In terms of cytotoxic effect of viruses, how does develop pneumonia when they have the flu?
Promotion of secondary bacterial infections in tissues damages by the viruses.
How does a virus mutate?
Viruses often mutate during replication and are composed of nucleic acids from different viral strains in humans and animals
Give four ways that viruses mutate?
1. They hide within cells> away from normal inflammatory or immune responses
•Meaning: they cant recognize them
2. Lack their own metabolic process= difficult to develop medications to attack them
•Meaning: they need a host cell to survive
3. Some viruses spread cell to cell via the bloodstream and are highly sensitive to neutralizing antibodies that viral spread= self limiting (influenza; rubella)
4. Other viruses are inaccessible to antibodies after initial infection because they remain inside infected cells spreading by direct cell to cell contact
What is the transmission route for HIV?
Blood or blood products
IV drug abuse
Sexual activity
Maternal-child transmission before & during birth
What is reverse transcriptase? What is the drug to treat it?
Conversion of RNA to dsDNA
DRUG: NNRTI's
What is HIV integrase? What is the drug used to treat it?
Using a second enzyme HIV integrase the new DNA in inserted into the infected cell’s genetic material where they can remain dormant
DRUG: Integrase Inhibitors
What is HIV protease? What is the Drug used to treat?
HIV protease is needed for the formation of new virions, lysis and death of infected cells & shedding of infectious HIV particles
DRUG: Protease Inhibitors
When does HIV syndrome peak?
6 weeks after infection
What is the purpose of HIV fusion inhibitors?
Inhibits viral entrance into target cell
What is the purpose of CCR5 antagonist?
Inhibit viral attachment
What are the two forms of fungi? and describe each one?
Mold: multicellular, aerobic, reproduce by extension
What is tinea?
Fungi that colonize the skin can digest keratin
What is candida? What is the most common cause of fungal infections?
Normal inhabitant of microbiome- skin, GI tract, mouth & vagina
Candida albicans
What are Protozoa? Give an example
•Eukaryotic organisms
•Unicellular
•Contains a nucleus and cytoplasm
•Mobile
•Lack a cell wall
•Pathogens are usually parasites
•EXAMPLE: Helminths= parasitic worms