Chapter 1: Intro to A&P
The study of the how the different parts of the body work and the functions of those body parts.
What is physiology?
This tissue contains tall, rectangular cells with cilia on top. All cells attach to the basement membrane, though some appear not to.
What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia?
This blood vessels in this layer make it the ideal site for injections that need to enter the bloodstream.
What is the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer?
Describe the anatomical position.
What is upright, hands at the sides, with palms facing forward?
Give an example of your body working to maintain homeostasis and describe the process in detail.
Possible answers include: thermoregulation, blood sugar regulation, blood clotting, labor and delivery. See notes for exact details of each.
This organ system controls long term changes on your body, such as changes in metabolic activity and development.
What is the endocrine system?
Bone and cartilage are both examples of this tissue type.
What is supportive connective tissue?
Name the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial.
What is stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum?
The three main fiber types found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
What is collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers?
Compare and contrast adipose and areolar tissue.
Areolar: connective tissue proper, not specialized, large extracellular matrix, contains many cell types and fiber types, contains blood vessels.
Adipose: connective tissue proper, specialized to store energy and lipids, able to shrink and expand, absorbs shocks and insulates.
The 6 levels of organization, from smallest to largest.
What is 1. Chemical/Molecular 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ system 6. Organism?
This uncommon form of secretion involves the cell letting go of cytoplasm filled with the material to be excreted.
What is apocrine secretion?
This pigment provides the integument with limited protection from UV radiation.
What is melanin?
These cells are in charge of feeding, repairing, and maintaining neurons.
What are neuroglia?
Describe the process of inflammation.
Immediately after an injury, mast cells begin releasing histamine and heparin. This causes blood vessels to dilate and inflammation to begin. Symptoms like swelling, redness, and heat result from the increased blood flow to the area. The injury and inflammation also stimulates nerve endings, causing pain.
This cavity contains many other structures including (but not limited to) the trachea, the esophagus, and the pericardial cavity.
What is the mediastinum?
Describe the appearance of cardiac muscle.
What is short, branched cells with striations, a single nucleus, and intercalated discs?
The upper part of the hair that is outside of the skin.
What is the hair shaft?
The four ways to identify melanoma.
What are Asymmetry, Border, Color, and Diameter aka the ABCD rule?
Describe the process of keratinization.
Stem cells create new keratinocytes in the stratum basale. These cells are pushed up into the stratum spinosum, where they continue to divide while starting to take in keratin. As they move into the stratum granulosum, they are packed full of keratin, causing them to dehydrate and die. They are then pushed up into the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum where they act as a protective, water resistant barrier.
The method of regulation that overexaggerates the effect of the stimulus and brings the body away from homeostasis.
What is positive feedback?
Every membrane is made up of these two tissue types.
What are epithelia and connective tissues?
The effects of inadequate vitamin D3 production include:
What is a lack of calcium and phosphates, weak bones, and/or rickets?
These two fibers give your skin its strength and elasticity.
What are elastic fibers and collagen fibers?
Name the four phases of integument repair, and give a brief description of what happens at each stage.
1. Inflammation
2. Migration
3. Proliferation
4. Scarring
(see notes for more details on each)