Man Flesh
Describe organization of skeletal muscle starting from large to small
Muscle
Fascicle
Myofiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Myofilaments
Describe the 3 main functions of blood.
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
What is the function of pericardial fluid?
Bonus* The ductus arteriosus becomes what after the heart fully develops?
Reduce friction
Ligamentum arteriosum*
Arteries carry blood...
Veins carry blood...
...away from the heart
...towards the heart
2 Main components and 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
Lymph, Lymphatic Tissue
1.Drains excess interstitial fluid 2. Transports lipids from the GI tract 3. Carries out immune responses against antigens
Compression of the nerves and vessels that exit through the cervical outlet lead to this condition.
Thoracic outlet syndrome
What is the term for blood cell formation?
Bonus* Where is the primary site for this to occur?
Hematopoeisis
Red Bone Marrow
What are the names of the three layers of the heart? Describe which is deepest and most superficial.
Bonus* Which layer accounts for the majority of the heart wall?
Epicardium- most superficial
Pericardium- 95% of heart wall*
Endocardium- most deep (reduces friction)
Name the 3 layers of a typical blood vessel from deep to superficial.
Bonus* Which layer contains nerves and small vessels that supply the vessel walls? Name of small vessels?
Tunic Interna, Tunica media, Tunica Externa
Tunica externa, vasa vasorum*
What lymphatic organs can you find scattered throughout the body, are encapsulated with trabeculae, and contain a cortex and medulla?
Lymph Nodes
This back muscle is responsible for bilateral contraction and unilateral contraction of the vertebral column.
Transversospinales
ALSO- Erector spinae- extends vertebral column
Segmental muscles- extend vertebral column and lateral flexion of the trunk. Found between spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae.
Name of cells that produce two types of blood cells... (hint- where do all cells come from?)
What are the two types these cells produce?
Bonus* Of these two types... what do they produce?
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Myeloid Stem Cells->RBC's, Platelets, WBC's (except lymphocytes)
Lymphoid Stem Cells->Lymphocytes
Name of the structure that is a remnant of the foramen ovale.
Bonus* Name of the rought ridges in the anterior wall of the R Atrium
Fossa ovalis
Pectinate Muscles*
Main function of Elastic Arteries??
Bonus* example?
Propel blood forward while ventricles in systole
Sidenote: LARGEST arteries in the body
Aorta*
Describe the difference between primary and secondary lymphatic organs.
Primary- Sites where stem cells divide and become able to mount an immune response
Secondary- Sites where immune responses occur
Explain the difference between a muscle synergist and fixators.
Synergist- contract and stabilize the intermediate joints Ex: flexors/extensors of fingers
Fixators- stabilize the origin of the agonist so it is more efficient. ex: arm abduction (rotator cuff muscles)
Describe the % breakdown of blood in 2 categories and their contents.
Bonus* Life cycle of a RBC?
Plasma 55%-> Water, solutes, electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, gases, hormones, etc. SERUM
Formed Elements 45%-> Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes, BUFFY COAT
~120 days**
Describe the order of cardiac conduction.
Bonus* How do we describe contraction and relaxation in medical terms? What's considered normal BP?
Bachmann's Bundle<-SA Node (sinoatrial)- ->Internodal tracts->AV Node (atrioventricular)-> Bundle Branches->Purkinje Fibers
Diastole(contraction)/Systole(relaxation)
120/80 mmHg
Name the condition caused by leaky venous valves that allow back flow to superficial veins.
Bonus* How is this condition treated?
Varicose veins
Support hose to removal of vein
Name the 2 cells of the lymphatic system.
Functions for each?
B Cells- 1. Involved in humoral (antibody) immunity 2. Plasma cells produce antibodies 3. Memory cells remember the antigen; faster immune response later
T Cells- Responsible for cell-mediated immunity
Describe the Contraction Cycle in 4 steps
1. Cocking- myosin hydrolyzes ATP
2. Crossbridge Formation- myosin binds actin
3. Powerstroke- ADP and a free phosphate leaves, myosin binds actin, pulling action
4. Release- a new ATP binds and myosin releases actin
Describe the precursor cell for the following:
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Red Blood Cells
Platelets
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Bonus* Life cycle of Granulocytes vs Agranulocytes
Myeloblast
Eosinophilic myeloblast
Basophilic myeloblast
Proerythroblast
Megakaryocyte
Monoblast
Lymphocyte
*** Granulocytes->12-hrs-3days, Agranulocytes-> 100-300 days
What are the names of routes of circulation through the heart and body?
Describe these routes noting where each begins and ends.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary:R Atrium->Tricuspid valve->R Ventricle->Pulmonary semilunar valve->Pulmonary trunk->Pulmonary arteries->Lungs->Pulmonary veins->L Atrium
Systemic:L Atrium->Bicuspid/mitral Valve->L Ventricle->Aortic semilunar valve->Aorta->Body->Inferior/Superior Vena Cava->R Atrium
Describe which vein supplies the following organs:
1.Stomach
2.Testes, ovaries
3.Kidneys
4.Pelvis, external genitalia, lower limb
1. Gastric v.
2. Gonadal v.
3. Renal v.
4. Common iliac v.
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Describe difference between Red Pulp and White Pulp and functions
Spleen
RP- Consists of venous sinuses (filled w/blood) and splenic cords (WBC's/RBC's), associated w/splenic arteries, fxn: removal of old, damaged RBC, store platelets, production of blood cells during fetal development
WP- composed of lymphocytes and macrophages, arranged around central arteries, fxn- Immune cells (B-Cells, T-Cells, macrophages) activated and destroy blood-borne pathogens