Chapter 11
Where (in relation to the cell) are sodium levels high and potassium levels high?
sodium outside, potassium inside
What are the main characteristics of each meninge of the spinal cord?
Dura mater is the tough, outermost layer. Arachnoid mater looks like a spider web, middle layer. Pia mater is innermost, tightly bound to the brain and spinal cord.
Explain the difference between the Wernicke’s and Broca’s area.
Wernicke’s is sensory, so understanding what someone is saying and thinking of your response. Broca’s is motor, which sends information to the muscles that actually make you talk.
Describe the location and functions of the enteric nervous system.
nerve plexuses within walls of the digestive tract. Involved in smooth muscle contraction, gland secretions, and detects changes in the content of the lumen.
Explain the differences of the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
Somatic is voluntary and outputs to skeletal muscles. Autonomic is involuntary and outputs to smooth and cardiac muscle.
What does the vagus nerve do?
parasympathetic control of the heart and GI tract.
Define the pacinian corpuscle and meissner corpuscle.
Pacinian is deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, and proprioception. Meissner is two-point discrimination.
Define cholinergic and adrenergic receptors and give an example of each.
Cholinergic are receptors for Acetylcholine and an example would be nicotinic or muscarinic. Adrenergic are receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine, an example would be alpha and beta.
What are the 3 interconnected functions of the nervous system?
sensory input receptors receive stimuli, integrating centers process the stimuli, and motor output (effectors) cause a response.
What does the facial nerve do?
blinking, facial expressions
Compare mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.
Mechanoreceptors are compression, bending, and stretching of the cell. Nociceptors are extreme mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli.
Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The sympathetic is fight or flight, it mobilizes the body systems during activity. The parasympathetic is rest and digest, it conserves energy and functions at rest.
What does the trigeminal nerve do?
facial innervation, biting, chewing, and swallowing
Describe the cause of Parkinson’s disease and the treatment.
Parkinson’s is caused by the inhibition of the motor drive. It is treated with medicine that enhances dopamine production.
List the 4 steps that occur in an action potential
resting membrane potential
Depolarization- sodium channels open
Repolarization- potassium channels open and sodium channels close
Hyperpolarization-membrane stays hyperpolarized until potassium channels close
Explain the steps of a reflex arc.
1) sensory receptors feel a stimulus, 2) Action potential moves through the dorsal root to the spinal cord, 3) Sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron in the spinal cord, 4) interneuron synapses with motor neuron, 5) action potential goes through the ventral root to an effector organ
What are the 4 things responsible for voluntary motor movement?
Cerebral motor, basal nuclei, thalamus, and cerebellum.