Cell bio and Chemistry (Unit 1)
What does a buffer do and how does it work?
opposes the change of pH by binding to the free hydrogens
List the epidermal strata from superficial to deep.
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale
Explain the organization of the nervous system.
the central division has the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral division contains nerves and ganglion.
List the 5 types of sensory receptors and describe their function.
1) nociceptors respond to extreme stimuli, 2) photoreceptors respond to light for vision, 3) thermoreceptors respond to changes in temperature, 4) chemoreceptors respond when chemicals attach to receptors, 5) mechanoreceptors respond to compression andd bending of the cell.
What are the tunics of the eye?
fibrous, vascular, and sensory
What is positive feedback and what is an example?
The body responds by moving further away from the setpoint. Ex: childbirth or blood clotting
Compare thick and thin skin.
Thick skin is found in the palms and soles and contains all 5 epidermal strata. Thin skin is found everywhere else, hair grows here, and it does not contain the stratum lucidum.
What are the functions of the nervous system?
initiate commands for muscle contraction, glandular secretion and hormone release- to maintain HOMEOSTASIS
Describe the main functions of the autonomic nervous system.
involuntary, conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac and smooth muscles, and glands.
What is the only sense that does not go through the thalamus? Why is that significant?
Smell. We can experience an emotional connection to a smell before recognizing and identifying exactly what the smell is.
What is negative feedback and what is an example?
The body responds by adjusting up or down to return to the setpoint. Ex: blood sugar or blood pressure
What are the main characteristics of fibrous joints?
made of dense irregular collagenous tissues, allow little or no movement
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Explain the structure and function of the diencephalon.
it is located between the cerebrum and the brainstem. It contains the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is responsible for mood regulation and sensory integration. The hypothalamus is the autonomic regulatory center.
What are the 2 layers of the retina and their function?
The pigmented layer is the outermost, it has pigmented cells that absorb light to prevent scattering inside. The neural layer is innermost, it has photosensory cells and interneurons.
Describe the actions of the cell in response to hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.
In hypertonic the cell shrinks. In hypotonic the cell swells.
Explain synostosis and give an example of normal and abnormal.
it’s the fusion of two bones. An example of normal would be when the epiphyseal plate closes to form the line or ossification of ischio pubic. Abnormal would be radioulnar or cranial.
List the meninges and spaces of the spinal cord in order from outermost to innermost.
Epidural space, Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
Explain the structure and function of the cerebrum.
responsible for sensation, voluntary movement, communication etc. It contains 4 lobes: frontal responsible for mood and personality, parietal responsible for sensory information, temporal responsible for smell and hearing, and occipital responsible for vision.
Explain the difference between conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness.
Conduction deafness is when something messes with the fluids of the inner ear like wax or a perforated eardrum. Sensorineural results from damage to the neural structures.
How are osmosis and tonicity of the cell related?
tonicity describes the concentration of the solute that is surrounding the cell. Osmosis is the movement of water when solutes can’t penetrate the cell. So the tonicity of the surrounding environment will affect if osmosis occurs.
What are the factors that determine the strength of a muscle contraction?
Motor unit summation- the more fibers you stimulate, the more force is produced, optimally stretched muscles, contraction frequency
What are the major steps in an action potential?
resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization
Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic conserves energy and promotes regular functions at rest, rest and digest. Sympathetic mobilizes body systems during activity, fight or flight.
Describe the neural pathway for taste.
travels through the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve to the gustatory region of the medulla. Then goes through the thalamus to the gustatory cortex. Finally to association areas in the brain that identify the taste.