Nervous System + Nervous tissue
What are the two main divisions of the Nervous System?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
Which cells create myelin in the CNS? What about in the PNS?
Oligodendrocytes in the CNS; Schwann cells in the PNS
What are the main divisions of the PNS?
Afferent and efferent divisions.
What is neurulation?
Establishes a basic layout of the brain & spinal cord in early embryologic development
The thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pineal gland are formed from which secondary brain vesicle?
Diencephalon
Integration, processing and coordination of information is the primary function of which division of the Nervous System?
Central Nervous System
Astrocytes and tight junctions are the foundation of what that functions to keep toxins out of the brain
Blood Brain Barrier
Which cells make cerebrospinal fluid, and where is CSF made
Ependymal cells; made in the choroid plexus
Almost all structures of the PNS arise from cells that separate from the neural tube to form the ______
Neural crest
What are the lobes of the brain, and what are each of them for?
Frontal; decision making, personality, planning
parietal; spatial awareness; somatosensory processing
temporal; language comprehension and hearing
Occipital; vision + visual processing
What is the primary function of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Act as communication lines of the body - allows communication between the limbs + organs and the spinal cord + brain
What are the different types of gated ion channels, and what is the stimuli for each type?
Ligand gated channels; chemical signals (neurotransmitters)
Voltage gated channels; change in electrical charge
Mechanically gated channels; physical stretching
What is the general structure of a unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neuron, and which of these is the most common?
Unipolar: single process that splits into peripheral + central branches
Bipolar: one dendrite + one axon
Multipolar: many dendrites + a single axon; most common type
What are the primary brain vesicles that develop around 4 weeks of development?
Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
The pineal gland produces what hormone?
Melatonin
What is the difference between a leak channel and a gated ion channel?
A leak channel is always open and allows slow ion movement. A gated ion channel can open and close but has to be activated by a stimulus
What is hyperpolarization? is a neuron more or less likely to fire an action potential if it is hyperpolarized?
The membrane potential is more negative than its resting potential; it is less likely to fire an action potential if it is hyperpolarized
What are EPSPs and IPSPs
EPSPs - Excitatory post synaptic potential; depolarizes the membrane
IPSP - inhibitory post synaptic potential; hyperpolarizes the membrane
Which of the primary brain vesicles' structures remain undivided after its initial development
midbrain
What cerebral surface landmark is the primary somatosensory cortex? The primary motor cortex?
Postcentral gyrus; precentral gyrus
What is a graded potential? An action potential?
Graded potentials are small local changes in the neuron, action potentials are rapid signals that travel along the sensory neuron and are all or nothing.
What is the difference between excitatory signals and inhibitory signals
Excitatory signals encourages neuron firing and inhibitory signals prevent firing
Which cells regulate the environment in the CNS? Which cells regulate the environment in the PNS?
Astrocytes in the CNS; satellite cells in the PNS
Which structure separates the left and right hemispheres? what structure holds them together?
Longitudinal fissure; corpus callosum
What is the only sensory input that is not received by the thalamus?
Smell