This structure, composed of a double layer of phospholipids, is impermeable to water and defines the boundaries of cells and internal structures
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
These interactions allow for the phospholipid bilayers "fluidity" as described in the "fluid mosaic model"
What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions or amphipathic interactions?
Simple and facilitated diffusion involves the movement of molecules in this direction
What is the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration?
Osmosis involves the movement of water in this direction
What is lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration?
This interconnected system of membranes within the cell is involved in protein synthesis, processing, and sorting, with vesicles traveling between its separate structures
What is the endomembrane system?
Receptor proteins and vesicles released from within the cell allow for membranes to facilitate this process
What is transmission and receiving of signals?
This is how we can identify an Omega-3 fatty acid
What is the C=C double bond at the 3rd C position from the Omega end?
This type of diffusion allows solutes to move down their concentration gradient unassisted, while its counterpart uses proteins to regulate solute flow across the membrane
What is simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, respectively?
The Sodium-Potassium pump is an example of this kind of transport protein
What is a couple transport protein or more specifically and active antiporter coupled transport protein?
This component of the endomembrane system is responsible for protein biosynthesis and processing (assembly of protein complexes, addition of carbohydrate groups, etc.)
These molecules located on cellular membranes allow for sensing and interaction with other cells
What are cell adhesion molecules?
This class of lipids are what blood antigens belong to
What are glycolipids or more specifically sphingoglycolipids?
Generally, this is how we can describe an electrochemical gradient
What is a solute gradient across a cell membrane made of both physical concentrations of solute on either side, AND the gradient caused by non-equivalent distribution of (+) and (-) charged molecules such as ions and proteins?
This is why we say that the Sodium-Potassium pump helps maintain a dis-equilibrium of solutes
What is the net negative charge that results from the sodium-potassium pump? Recall: There is the movement of 3 Na+ to the outside the cell and the movement of 2 K+ inside the cell
The sarcoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells stores this and allows for the eventual contraction of muscle fibers once released
What are Ca2+ ions?
Generally, these molecules can readily diffuse across membranes
What are small, nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules?
This class of lipid serves as structural support for the phospholipid bilayer
What are sterols?
This is a type of carrier protein that transports glucose into the cell where the concentration of glucose is lower
What is GLUT1?
This is the main function of ATPase's
What is the breaking of high-energy phosphate bonds?
Recall: this results in protein changing shape allowing for the movement of solutes/ions/molecules
This family of proteins found in the smooth er transfer -OH groups make them more hydrophilic making it much easier for these molecules to interact with water and therefore be flushed out of the kidney
What are Cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins?
In capillaries, these proteins serve as a class of cell-adhesion molecules that help maintain integrity and function
*Recall capillaries are super thin (1 cell thick)
What are cadherin proteins?
This is how we can describe the chemical makeup of a sterol
What is a phospholipid associated with cholesterol via a hydrogen bond?
This kind of inhibitor results in kinetics that show an increase in substrate concentration cannot overcome the effect of the inhibitor
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Indirect active transport couples the movement of 2 solute particles in which direction
What is the movement of one molecule moving down its concentration gradient (from established gradient as a result of active transport) and the movement of the other molecule against its concentration gradient?
The addition of branching sugar groups added to amino acid residues serve as “tags” that help ER and Golgi know where to move proteins
What is glycosylation?