speech production
what is speech production
refers to the motor abilities to produce speech sounds (muscles, movement)
what are phonological processes and what's one example
children's simplifications of words
Omit final consonants (final consonant deletion)
“boot” becomes “boo”
Syllables deleted (syllable omission)
“banana” becomes “nana”
Consonant clusters reduced to single consonants (cluster reduction)
“snake” becomes “nake”
A stop substituted for a fricative (stopping)
“fan” becomes “pan”
A syllable gets repeated (reduplication)
“daddy” becomes “dada”
find the word, speech stream segmentation
transition probabilities-babies as statisticians
stress and rhythm
child directed speech
milestones (1st receptive, expressive, and 50 word expressive vocab)
TD children acquire their first receptive word around 9 months
TD children acquire their first expressive word around 12 months
TD children usually have 50 expressive words by 18-24 months
purposes of function preschool and beyond
requesting more of an action, greeting others, showing affection, requesting attention, using polite social forms
3 subsystems that guide motor coordination
respiration, phonation, articulation
what kind of sounds are usually acquired first
Vowels easier to acquire than consonants
Stops, nasals, and glides are usually acquired first
Anterior (i.e., toward FRONT of mouth) sounds are usually acquired before posterior
By age 8 all English phonemes are typically acquired
find the referent, quine's conundrum
novel name-nameless category (N3C)- new words refer to new things
tracking co-occurence probabilities- noticing over multiple times which things (i.e., words and referents) tend to go together
joint attention
free vs bound morphemes
can stand alone, vs. can't stand alone, attach to free morphemes (inflectional and derivational)
Grice's maxims
maxim of quantity
be as informative as you can; give as much info as is needed, but no more
maxim of quality
be truthful; do not give info that is false or not supported by evidence
maxim of relation
be relevant; say things that are pertinent to the conversation
maxim of manner
be clear, brief, and orderly; avoid obscurity and ambiguity
maxim of politeness
be polite; establish social closeness by being kind, gentle, and using social norms
consonants are described by...
place, manner, voicing
some early 8 sounds
m, b, j, n, p, d
link word to referent
fast mapping
slow mapping
whole object assumption- words refer to whole objects rather than parts
mutual exclusivity- Dif words refer to Dif kinds of things
what is telegraphic language and what are children most likely to keep vs leave off
how we describe early utterances
keep: lexical verbs and direct objects
discard: function words and bound morphemes
proto-imperative vs. proto-declarative
proto-imperative- command, intended to get something
proto-declarative- comment, intended to direct adult attention to get something
vowels are described by...
tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, tenseness
some middle 8 sounds
t, k, g, f, v
use word for all appropriate referents
undergeneralization vs overgeneralization
when does emergence of syntax begin
with the use of two-word utterances around 18 months
presupposing
and Dif types of play (learning through language)
gauging what the listener knows, use TOM
pretend and imaginative play
dramatic and social role play- house
negotiate peer relationships- turn taking, empathy
self-monitor and inhibit aggressive behavior- regulating emotions
why do we use IPA
one sound is not always spelled the same way and one symbol is not always pronounced the same way
some late 8 sounds
s, z, r, l, th, sh
SICI continuum
shape: well-defined vs. abstract/not well-defined
individuation: easy to identify singular vs. hard to identify singular
concreteness: more concrete vs. less concrete
imageability: easy to visualize vs hard to visualize
descriptive vs. prescriptive grammaticality
sentences that are formed correctly according to what language “should be” (e.g., what your English teacher may have taught you) vs. sentences that are formed correctly according to the rules inside a speaker’s head (e.g., how you speak naturally)
functions of communicating at single-word stage (12-18 months)
instrumental- obtain a goal and meet wants and needs
regulatory- used to control other's behavior
interaction- used to obtain joint attention
personal- used to express feelings and attitudes
usually begin w gesture and word combo