Anatomy and Physiology
This is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
What is the iris?
This is the instrument used to examine the internal structures of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.
What is an ophthalmoscope (fundoscope)?
Commonly called "pink eye," this is an inflammation of the conjunctiva.
What is conjunctivitis?
This over the counter eye vitamin formula is often recommended for patients with Dry AMD.
What is (AREDS/AREDS II/AREDS II)?
Myopia is corrected with this type of lens.
What is a concave (minus/diverging) lens?
This transparent structure at the front of the eye is responsible for most of the eye's focusing power.
What is the cornea?
This slit-lamp technique measures intraocular pressure by calculating the force needed to flatten a small area of the cornea.
What is Goldmann applanation tonometry?
This age-related condition causes the lens to become cloudy, leading to blurry vision.
What is a cataract?
This class of glaucoma drops, including timolol, lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production.
What are beta-blockers?
This refractive error occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea too steep, causing light to focus in front of the retina.
What is myopia (nearsightedness)?
This fluid fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps maintain intraocular pressure.
What is aqueous humor?
This computerized test maps a patient's visual field by flashing lights of varying intensity at different locations, helping detect glaucoma and neurological vision loss.
What is automated perimetry (Humphrey visual field test)?
Known as the "silent thief of sight," this disease damages the optic nerve, often from elevated intraocular pressure.
What is glaucoma?
This class of glaucoma drops, including latanoprost, is dosed once daily and lowers IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow.
What are prostaglandin analogs?
This refractive error causes blurry vision at all distances because the cornea or lens has unequal curvature in different meridians
What is astigmatism?
This highly vascular layer of the eye sits between the retina and the sclera and is the primary blood supply to the outer retina.
What is the choroid?
This measurement of corneal thickness is critical for interpreting IOP readings — thin corneas underestimate true pressure while thick corneas overestimate it.
What is pachymetry?
New blood vessel growth over the iris and anterior chamber angle, caused by chronic retinal ischemia, which can lead to a severe form of glaucoma.
What is rubeosis iridis (neovascular glaucoma)?
Long-term use of this drug, often prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis, causes irreversible parafoveal photoreceptor damage, requiring annual 10-2 visual field testing and OCT screening.
What is hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)?
These three biometric measurements axial length, keratometry, and anterior chamber depth are used to calculate this before cataract surgery.
What is IOL (intraocular lens) power?
This small pit in the center of the macula is responsible for the sharpest central vision.
What is the fovea?
This test rapidly alternates a light between both eyes, a positive result is paradoxical dilation of the affected eye, indicating asymmetric optic nerve or retinal disease.
What is the swinging flashlight test (RAPD)?
This hereditary retinal disease causes progressive night blindness and tunnel vision due to peripheral photoreceptor degeneration, and shows bone-spicule pigmentation on fundoscopy.
What is retinitis pigmentosa?
This antiarrhythmic heart medication causes golden-brown corneal microdeposits (vortex keratopathy) in nearly all long-term users and can also lead to optic neuropathy with vision loss.
What is amiodarone?
A patient with perfect distance vision who suddenly needs reading glasses in their mid 40s is experiencing this normal age-related loss of the lens's ability to change focus.
What is presbyopia?