People
Henry IV
German emperor. Clashed with Pope Gregory VII, was excommunicated by him and went to Canossa to beg for forgiveness.
First Crusade
Crusaders won a narrow strip of land 650 miles from Edessa in the North to Jerusalem in the South, divided into four feudal crusader states.
Age of Faith
A period of time of religious feeling and development
Showdown at Canossa
Henry IV goes to Canossa to seek forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII, barefoot and dressed poorly in the snow, Pope Gregory lets him beg for three days to humiliate and humble him then forgives him.
Benedictine
Saint benedict, community
Frederick I
A strong ruler was elected to be king of Germany by the seven princes. Nicknamed Barbarossa for his red beard (Italian), he was the first ruler to call his lands
the Holy Roman Empire. A forceful personality, and great military skills, invaded rich Italian cities. Lost the battle of Legnano. Drowned in the river on his way to the holy land or the third crusade.
Second Crusade
Crusade
War between Muslims and Christians over the holy land
Concordat of Wurms
Agreement between the emperor and the pope that only the pope can appoint bishops but the emperor could veto
Dominicians
First order, scholars, education, Saint Dominic
Otto I
The most effective ruler of medieval
Germany. Crowned king in 936. Kept a close alliance with the church. Crowned emperor by the pope for invading Italy on behalf of the pope.
Thrid Crusade
Saladin captured Jerusalem, third crusade was planned to re-capture jerusalem, Phillip, Richard and Frederick I. Phillip and Richard Argued, Frederick I drowned. Lead to the truce in 1192 between Richard and Phillip.
Canon Law
Law of the church which addressed topics such as marriage, inheritance and divorce
Battle of Legnano
Battle between Frederick I and the Lombard league where Frederick I loses. Foot soldiers of the Lombard League defeat knights with crossbows.
Franciscans
Saint Francis of Assisi, equality to all creatures
Pope Urban II
Why were the Christians after the holy land?
Because of the tomb of Jesus Christ.
Germanic-Italian empire Otto I created, initially named Roman Empire of the German Nation, Officially named Holy Roman Empire by Frederick I
The peace agreement between Saladin and Richard the Lion-Hearted
Muslims keep control over Jerusalem but unarmed Christian pilgrims could visit freely
Hildegard of Bingen
founded a Benedictine convent in 1147.
Saladin
Muslim Kurdish warrior, recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, Emperor of Egypt and Syria.
Fourth Crusade
Failed to even get to the Holy Land, looted Constantinople.
Simony
Bishops selling positions in the church
Church Architecture Development
From Romanesque to Gothic, art dominates cathedrals (1) ribbed vaults that supported the roof’s weight,
(2) flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick,
exterior walls, (3) pointed arches that framed huge,
stained-glass windows, and (4) tall spires that seemed
to be pointing to heaven
Poor Clares
In 1212, a woman named
Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order for
women. It was known as the Poor Clares