Leadership & People
Which general led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and fought for the Confederacy largely because of loyalty to his native Virginia?
Robert E. Lee
What 1861 battle (also called First Manassas) showed both sides the war would not be short?
Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)
What document declared that enslaved people in Confederate-held territory were free?
Emancipation Proclamation
Give one way women supported the war effort (not fighting on the battlefield).
Examples: nursing and treating wounded soldiers, working in factories, managing farms/businesses, spying
Which major river, captured after Vicksburg, was vital because it split the Confederacy?
Mississippi River
Which Union general later became commander of all Union armies and accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House?
Ulysses S. Grant
Which 1862 battle was the single bloodiest day of the war and led to Lincoln moving forward with emancipation policy?
Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Name two main parts of the Union’s Anaconda Plan.
(1) Naval blockade of Southern ports; (2) Control the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy; (also: capture Richmond)
What serious danger did African American Union soldiers face if captured by Confederates?
They risked being enslaved, sold, or executed instead of treated as POWs.
Which side began the war with a larger population and more factories?
The Union (North)
Who was president of the United States during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation?
Abraham Lincoln
At which 1863 battle did Lee’s invasion of the North end and become a turning point?
Battle of Gettysburg
Give one major strategic reason the border states were important to the Union.
border states controlled key rivers, rail lines, and manpower and were close to Northern political centers—losing them would have seriously weakened the Union.
List two conditions in camps that contributed to the spread of disease.
Poor sanitation, overcrowding, contaminated water/food, lack of medical knowledge
Based on farmland distribution, why could the North supply more food to its armies than the South?
The North grew more food because much of its farmland produced staple crops for local consumption and armies, while the South concentrated on cash crops like cotton.
Which Union general proposed the Anaconda Plan to blockade Southern ports and squeeze the Confederacy?
Winfield Scott
Which 1863 siege gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy?
Siege of Vicksburg
Besides battlefield wounds, what was the greatest cause of death for Civil War soldiers?
Disease (examples: dysentery, pneumonia, infections)
How did the South’s focus on cotton production weaken its ability to fight a long war?
Cotton-focused agriculture reduced food production; blockades cut off export income and supply access, causing shortages and inflation.
How did the South’s focus on cotton production weaken its ability to fight a long war?
Defensive advantage and familiarity with local terrain (shorter interior lines of communication)
Name the border states that remained loyal to the Union but allowed slavery.
West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri (border states)
Which Union campaign through Georgia used “total war” tactics to destroy Southern resources and morale?
Sherman’s March to the Sea (William T. Sherman)
Explain two ways the North’s greater industrial capacity helped it win the war.
(1) Factories produced weapons, ammunition, and supplies; (2) Railroads and shipping moved troops and supplies efficiently; (other effects: greater financial resources, ability to sustain long-term production)
Describe one economic effect of the war on Northern civilians and one on Southern civilians.
North: increased industrial jobs and economic growth in factories; South: collapse of the plantation economy, severe shortages, inflation, and loss of slave labor system.
Using population, industry, transportation, and farmland, list the four material advantages the North had and give a one-sentence explanation for each.
Population — larger pool for armies; Industry — more factories to make weapons and supplies; Transportation — more railroads and better logistics; Farmland — more food production to feed troops and civilians.