Memory
Whats the difference between short term and long term memory
short term: Info from sensory enters short-term, to maintain info here we need rehearsal, strength of short-term memory depends on speed of presentation/new info that can displace old info
Long term: info here is stable
What is learning
performing certain behaviour changed by experience, cant be observed just inferred from behaviour changes
What is overextensions
child incorrectly uses word to describe a wider set of objects/actions than it is meant to
What is the incubation effect
new solution surfaces for unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem
What is insomnia
chronic problems in getting enough/quality sleep, difficulty falling asleep/difficulty remaining asleep/waking up early, causes daytime fatigue and impaired functioning
What is consolidation
info in short-term is transferred to long term, rehearsal causes neural activity which causes structural changes in brain
What is escape vs avoidance learning
acquiring response that DECREASES/ENDS aversive stimulus vs. acquiring response that PREVENTS aversive stimulus
What is metalinguistic
ability to reflect on use of language (metaphors, jokes, plays on words)
What is the theory of bounded rationality
people use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and usually result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal
what is the mental recuperation function
sleep deprived people perform worse on task that need higher-order brain functioning (paying attention) and more effort is needed, sleep deprivation slows down ability to learn
What are the different types of processing
Shallow: analysis of surface features, less remembering
Deep: analysis of meaning of features, more remembering
neurons activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action
What are overregularizations
grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they don't apply
What is the belief perserverance
hold on to a belief in face of contradicting evidence
What is the sociocognitive approach to hypnosis
hypnotic behaviors are social actions that reflect what the person thinks is characteristic of a hypnotized trance
What is habituation and what are the two types
learning not to respond to unimportant events that occur repeatedly.
Short term: temporary, stimuli presented quickly in a short period
Long term: lasting, stimuli spread over long period of time
What are the two learning theories?
Behavioral theory: relating responses to stimuli, explaining behavior's and predicting future behavior's
Evolutionary theory: learning helps us survive, learning about environmental changes
What is telegraphic speech
content words, articles/prepositions/other less critical words are omitted
What is hindsight bias vs overconfidence bias
hindsight: after event has occurred, believe they accurately predicted the event
Overconfidence: have more confidence in judgments than should based on past experiences
What are the EEG patterns
Beta: highest frequency, normal and awake, alert, solving problems
Alpha: high frequency, deep relaxation, meditation and mind blankness
Theta: low frequency, light sleep
Delta: lowest frequency, deep sleep
What are the three steps of remembering and describe.
1. Encoding: 1st step of remembering, turning stimulus info into a code that can be stored in memory system
2. Storage: 2nd step of remembering, info being held for later use, short-term or long-term storage
3. Retrieval: 3rd step of remembering, locating stored info and making it accessible for conscious use (remembering)
What is acquisition and when does extinction happen
Acquisition: learning/conditioning, learning to exhibit CR to CS, strength of CR affected by timing, reliable pairings and intensity of UCS.
Extinction: when CS is repeatedly presented without being followed by UCS,
What are the two theories of language acquisition and which theory combines both approaches. Describe them all
behaviorist theories of language acquisition: learned through imitation and reinforcement (conditioning), problem = children make new words/sentences and overgeneralize language rules
nativist theories of language acquisition: kids have innate ability to learn language, innate sensitivity to language and its rules
interactionist theories of language acquisition: combine both approaches, kids are biologically prepared to learn but they also imitate and respond to reinforcements (cognitive: language comes with dev/growth, social communication: vital, emergenist: connections solidify through exposure)
What is Representativeness heuristic vs availability heuristic
Representativeness: judge probability of an event by how much it resembles similar categorizing event, can be bias
Availibility: judge probability of event by how easy relevant examples come to mind (examples), can be bias
What are the 4 stages of sleep
Stage 1: awake to asleep, THETA
Stage 2: intermediate sleep, THETA, interrupted by sleep spindles/k complexes
Stage 3: beginning deep sleep, slow wave, THETA, low F and high A leads to delta
Stage 4: slow wave, lasts 30 mins, metabolism slows down, DELTA