Hot Organelle Summer
What Organelle is known as the "Powerhouse of the Cell"? (ATP production)
What is the Mitochondria
What property of the phospholipid bilayer allows for lipid-soluble molecules to pass through?
What is Amphiphilicity/Selective Permeability
What is the goal of homeostasis?
What is to maintain a stable internal environment
What neurotransmitter is released at the Neuromuscular Junction? and what Cation causes this to happen?
What is Acetylcholine (ACh) and Calcium (Ca+)
(Action potential cascade that leads to voltage gate Calcium channels in the nerve terminal -- influx of calcium allows for ACh vesicles to be released into the synaptic cleft)
Which muscle type is striated?
Which Organelle is responsible for Protein Synthesis, and what RNA structure sits all over it?
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What are the two parts of a phospholipid and their polarity?
What is:
Polar Head// Phosphate Head - Hydrophilic
Non Polar Tail// Carbon-Hydrogen Tail - Hydrophobic
(Remember that the tails face each other to form an internal and external environment. They face away from the intracellular fluid (cytosol) and the extracellular fluid. -- The polar heads embrace fluids)
What type of feedback reverses a stimulus to maintain balance?
What is Negative Feedback
What is the Motor Endplate
Which Smooth Muscle type is found in the intestine and has gap junctions for unified contraction?
What is Unitary (visceral) smooth muscle
(single unit)
What Organelle Sorts, Modifies, Organizes, Packages, and tags M6P onto proteins?
What is the Golgi Apparatus
What is the name of the loose carbohydrate coat on the outside of the cellular membrane? What is its function?
What is the Glycocalyx -- allows for cell recognition (communication), adhesion, and protection
(Delgadillo states that carbohydrates are important for cell-cell interaction)
What are the main three components of a feedback loop?
What is the sequence of events from Acetylcholine binding to sodium influx called?
What is End Plate Potential
What protein does Calcium bind to in Smooth Muscle to initiate contraction? What protein does it bind to in Skeletal Muscle to initiate contraction?
What is:
- Calmodulin (Smooth)
- Troponin (Skeletal)
What Non-Membrane bound structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
What is The Ribosome
Which type of membrane protein acts as a receptor or transporter across the cell membrane?
What is Integral membrane proteins
Give one example of a positive feedback loop in the body
What is Childbirth (oxytocin release via baroreceptors and cervical pressure)
or
What is the acceleration of clotting via chemical release in blood coagulation (blood coagulation as a whole is a negative feedback loop)
What enzyme degrades Acetylcholine (ACh), what two chemical compounds does it turn into, and what is the function of the degradation of ACh?
What is:
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Acetate (acetic acid) and Choline
- to prevent tetanus (a.k.a prolonged muscle contraction/tetanic contractions)
What Enzyme phosphorylates Myosin in smooth muscle to enable contraction?
What is Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK)
(if a test question ever asks about phosphorylation it is asking about a kinase. If it ever asks about removing something, like phosphate, it is asking about an enzyme that ends with -ase)
(ATPase = turns ATP into ADP) (Phosphatase = removal of phosphate)
What part of the cell contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and damages parts?
What is Lysosomes
What molecule makes up about 13% of the cell membrane an regulates fluidity/rigidity and water permeability?
What organ system communicates via hormones and regulates metabolic rate, glucose, and ions?
Describe the Sequence of events that lead from an action potential arriving at the axon terminal to the generation of an action potential in the skeletal muscle fiber. Include the roles of Calcium, Acetylcholine, and the ions involved
What is:
1. Action Potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron
2. voltage gated Ca+ channels open
3. Calcium enters the axon terminal and ACh is released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis
4. ACh binds to ligand gated receptors on the motor endplate
5. Na+ channels open causing a sodium influx and a local depolarization and an End plate potential
6. End plate potential (if strong enough) triggers voltage gated sodium channels to open nearby and propagates a muscle action potential
What two mechanisms help relax smooth muscle by removing calcium and phosphate?
What is:
- Calcium ATPase
- Myosinphosphatase